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. 2022 Nov 21;30(11):29164–29179. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-24019-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — CLSM images of the staining of (a) proteins and (b) polysaccharides deposited on the non-modified PVDF membrane surface after the fouling test (before fouling extraction, 1) and after the extraction (2). (c) Reconstruction in 3D and (d) 3D model of the protein and polysaccharide distribution. Proteins are in green and polysaccharides are in red. Imaged surface size of 1300 µm × 1300 µm