Table 2.
Major FTIR absorption bands obtained in the analysis of both fouled PVDF and modified PVDF (mPVDF) membranes after the fouling tests (before the fouling extraction)
| Wavenumber, cm−1 | Band | Group | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3250 | Amide I (N–H stretching) | Proteins | (Dean 1998; Davis and Mauer 2010; Sairiam et al. 2013; Mohamed et al. 2017) |
| 2922 | C-H asymmetric stretching | Fatty acids | (Dean 1998; Davis and Mauer 2010; Mohamed et al. 2017) |
| 1636 | Amide I (C = O and C = N stretching) | Proteins | (D’Abzac et al. 2010; Mikhaylin and Bazinet 2016; Chen et al. 2018) |
| 1533 | Amide II (C-N stretching and N–H deformation) | Proteins | (Saha et al. 2007; D’Abzac et al. 2010; Zarebska et al. 2015) |
| 1429 | COO− symmetrical stretching and phenolic C-O bond | Carboxylates and humic substances | (Zarebska et al. 2015; Chen et al. 2018; Yan et al. 2022) |
| 1230 | Phosphate ester asymmetric stretching (P = O) | Phospholipids and nucleic acids | (Davis and Mauer 2010; Xue et al. 2016) |
| 1172 | O–H stretching | Polysaccharides | (D’Abzac et al. 2010) |
| 1010 | C–O–C and C-O stretching | Polysaccharides | (Saha et al. 2007; Davis and Mauer 2010) |
| 1000–800 | Bands associated with polysaccharides and polysaccharide-like substances | (Gómez-Ordóñez and Rupérez 2011; Chen et al. 2018; Yan et al. 2022) | |