Table 1.
Sociodemographic and pre-pregnancy characteristics of study participants.
| Variables | Total | Nulliparas | p | Multiparas | p | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 (%) | A2 (%) | A3 (%) | AMA (%) | vAMA (%) | A1 (%) | A2 (%) | A3 (%) | AMA (%) | vAMA (%) | ||||
| n | 15,861 | 2,541 | 7,821 | 1,374 | 230 | 36 | 45 | 236 | 2,262 | 1,084 | 232 | ||
| Education | 0.00*** | 0.00*** | |||||||||||
| Bachelor’s degree or above | 7,948 (50.11) | 1,240 (48.80) | 4,536 (58.00) | 721 (52.47) | 70 (30.43) | 10 (27.78) | 7 (15.56) | 32 (13.56) | 898 (39.7) | 375 (34.59) | 59 (25.43) | ||
| Undergraduate | 7,913 (49.89) | 1,301 (51.20) | 3,285 (42.00) | 653 (47.53) | 160 (69.57) | 26 (72.22) | 38 (84.44) | 204 (86.44) | 1,364 (60.3) | 709 (65.41) | 173 (74.57) | ||
| Place of residence | 0.00*** | 0.00*** | |||||||||||
| Urban | 9,577 (60.38) | 1,321 (51.99) | 5,005 (63.99) | 901 (65.57) | 132 (57.39) | 22 (61.11) | 18 (40.00) | 95 (40.25) | 1,359 (60.01) | 605 (55.81) | 119 (51.29) | ||
| Rural | 6,284 (39.62) | 1,220 (48.01) | 2,816 (36.01) | 473 (34.43) | 98 (42.61) | 14 (38.89) | 27 (60.00) | 141 (59.75) | 903 (39.92) | 479 (44.19) | 113 (48.71) | ||
| Marital status | 0.92 | 0.85 | |||||||||||
| Married | 15,329 (96.65) | 2,454 (96.58) | 7,563 (96.70) | 1,326 (96.51) | 220 (95.65) | 35 (97.22) | 44 (97.78) | 231 (97.88) | 2,184 (96.55) | 1,048 (96.68) | 224 (96.55) | ||
| Unmarried | 532 (3.35) | 87 (3.42) | 258 (3.30) | 48 (3.49) | 10 (4.35) | 1 (2.78) | 1 (2.22) | 5 (2.12) | 78 (3.45) | 36 (3.32) | 8 (3.45) | ||
| Smoking | 0.89 | 0.95 | |||||||||||
| Yes | 172 (1.08) | 28 (1.10) | 82 (1.05) | 15 (1.09) | 2 (0.87) | 1 (2.78) | 1 (2.22) | 3 (1.27) | 26 (1.15) | 12 (1.11) | 2 (0.86) | ||
| No | 15,689 (98.92) | 2,513 (98.90) | 7,739 (98.95) | 1,359 (98.91) | 228 (99.13) | 35 (97.22) | 44 (97.78) | 233 (98.73) | 2,236 (98.85) | 1,072 (98.89) | 230 (99.14) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 0.07 | 0.72 | |||||||||||
| <18.5 | 531 (3.35) | 126 (4.96) | 274 (3.50) | 49 (3.57) | 7 (3.04) | 1 (2.78) | 1 (2.22) | 4 (1.69) | 42 (2.92) | 23 (1.20) | 4 (1.72) | ||
| 18.5–23 | 5,521 (34.81) | 890 (35.03) | 2,660 (34.01) | 470 (34.21) | 89 (38.70) | 14 (38.89) | 18 (40) | 92 (38.98) | 823 (36.38) | 398 (36.72) | 67 (28.88) | ||
| 23–27.5 | 6,320 (39.85) | 1,017 (40.02) | 3,128 (39.99) | 549 (39.96) | 87 (37.83) | 14 (38.89) | 18 (40) | 92 (38.98) | 899 (39.74) | 418 (38.56) | 98 (42.24) | ||
| ≥27.5 | 3,489 (22.00) | 508 (19.99) | 1,759 (22.49) | 306 (22.27) | 47 (20.43) | 7 (19.44) | 8 (17.78) | 48 (20.34) | 498 (22.02) | 245 (22.60) | 63 (27.16) | ||
| Gestational weight gain (GWG) | 0.54 | 0.98 | |||||||||||
| Inadequate | 1,578 (9.95) | 240 (9.45) | 780 (9.97) | 140 (10.19) | 33 (14.35) | 2 (5.56) | 3 (6.67) | 25 (10.59) | 218 (9.64) | 112 (10.33) | 25 (10.78) | ||
| Adequate | 11,098 (69.97) | 1,796 (70.68) | 5,483 (70.11) | 957 (69.65) | 151 (65.65) | 27 (75.00) | 33 (73.33) | 163 (69.07) | 1,584 (70.03) | 742 (68.45) | 162 (69.83) | ||
| Excessive | 3,185 (20.08) | 505 (19.87) | 1,558 (19.92) | 277 (20.16) | 46 (20.00) | 7 (19.44) | 9 (20.00) | 48 (20.34) | 460 (20.34) | 230 (21.22) | 45 (19.40) | ||
| Assisted reproduction | 0.00*** | 0.00*** | |||||||||||
| Yes | 862 (5.43) | 5 (0.20) | 385 (4.92) | 273 (19.87) | 79 (34.35) | 16 (44.44) | 0 | 5 (2.12) | 25 (1.11) | 58 (5.35) | 16 (6.90) | ||
| No | 14,999 (94.57) | 2,536 (99.80) | 7,436 (95.08) | 1,101 (80.13) | 151 (65.65) | 20 (55.56) | 45 (100) | 231 (97.88) | 2,237 (98.89) | 1,026 (94.65) | 216 (93.10) | ||
| Week of pregnancy (weeks) | 0.31 | 0.11 | |||||||||||
| 28–31 weeks | 199 (1.25) | 31 (1.22) | 94 (1.20) | 15 (1.09) | 3 (1.30) | 1 (2.78) | 1 (2.22) | 3 (1.27) | 32 (1.41) | 15 (1.38) | 4 (1.72) | ||
| 32–36 weeks | 1,671 (10.54) | 255 (10.04) | 780 (9.97) | 122 (8.88) | 34 (14.78) | 5 (13.89) | 6 (13.33) | 30 (12.71) | 244 (10.79) | 159 (14.67) | 36 (15.52) | ||
| ≥37 weeks | 13,991 (88.21) | 2,255 (88.74) | 6,947 (88.82) | 1,237 (90.03) | 193 (83.91) | 30 (83.33) | 38 (84.44) | 203 (86.02) | 1,986 (87.8) | 910 (83.95) | 192 (82.76) | ||
| Previous delivery | 0.23 | ||||||||||||
| Cesarean section | 2,634 (68.26) | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | 28 (62.22) | 170 (72.03) | 1,526 (67.46) | 759 (70.02) | 151 (65.09) | ||
| Vaginal delivery | 1,225 (31.74) | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | 17 (37.78) | 66 (27.97) | 736 (32.54) | 325 (29.98) | 81 (34.91) | ||
*p < 0.05, statistically difference, **p < 0.01, statistically significant difference, and ***p < 0.001, highly statistically significant difference. A1: 20–24 years old women, A2: 25–29 years old women, A3: 30–34 years old women, AMA: 35–39 years old women, and vAMA: ≥40 years old women.