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. 2023 Mar 8;13:3878. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30988-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mediation analysis for all-cause mortality. (A) The effect of passive smoking on all-cause mortality (B) The effect of heavy smoker on all-cause mortality (C) The effect of current smoking on all-cause mortality. Values were adjusted for age, sex, races/ethnicities, alcohol consumption status, smoking status, smoking pack years, passive smoking stutus, BMI, cancer type, COPD, CVD, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval. The effect of heavy smoker on all-cause mortality. PNIE pure natural indirect effect, TNIE total natural indirect effect, PNDE pure natural direct effect, TNDE total natural direct effect, TE total effect, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval. *Heavy smokers were defined as participants whose smoking pack years were more than 75 percentile among ever-smokers.