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. 2023 Mar 8;13:3910. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30401-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Tracer exchange $Φ$ as a function of time for $β \in {0.02, 0.04, \dots, 0.20}$ . Long-term exchange $Φ^{*}$ (b) as a function of $β$ , for $R e = 1000$ , (c) as a function of Re, for $β = 0.10$ , and (d) as a function of $(R e, β)$ . Error bars in (b,c) correspond to the rms deviation from the mean, and colors match curves in (a). In (d), the colors represent the mean value $Φ^{*}$ for the given parameter combination, and the marker size represents the rms deviation from the mean.