Table 1.
Demographic information and smoking measures.
| Never-smoker (n = 33) | Past-smoker (n = 28) | Smoker (n = 20) | Test statistics | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.09 ± 4.96 (45–64) | 54.64 ± 6.48 (42–69) | 56.30 ± 7.12 (42–66) |
F(2, 78) = 1.76 P = 0.18 |
| Educationa | 3.67 ± 1.14 | 3.32 ± 1.12 | 3.00 ± 0.97 |
χ2(8) = 14.37 P = 0.073 |
| Income levelb | 3.15 ± 1.25 | 3.14 ± 1.41 | 2.85 ± 1.42 |
F(2, 78) = 0.37 P = 0.69 |
| K-BDI-II |
8.63 ± 6.89 (1–27) |
9.96 ± 6.50 (2–29) |
8.75 ± 6.27 (0–22) |
F(2, 78) = 0.35 P = 0.71 |
| Age of smoking initiation** | – |
19.43 ± 1.32 (17–22) |
18.10 ± 1.80 (15–22) |
t(46) = –2.95 P = 0.0049 |
| Years smoking*** | – |
10.21 ± 6.43 (0.5–20) |
37.80 ± 7.54 (23–50) |
t(46) = 13.63 P = 9.07e−18 |
| Cigarettes per dayc | – |
18.24 ± 9.05 (10–40) |
20.53 ± 6.76 (9–30) |
t(38) = − 0.90 P = 0.38 |
| Quit attemptsc | – |
2.11 ± 2.11 (1–10) |
2.15 ± 1.04 (1–5) |
U = 142.00 P = 0.12 |
| Abstinence duration | – |
24.84 ± 4.70 years (20–36) |
4.80 ± 6.28 days (2–30) |
– |
| FTND total**,c | – |
3.15 ± 3.17 (0–10) |
5.58 ± 2.09 (3–10) |
t(37) = 2.81 P = 0.0079 |
| QSU-brief***,c | – |
10.80 ± 2.73 (10–22) |
21.32 ± 10.17 (10–43) |
t(37) = 4.46 P = 7.30e−05 |
Means ± SDs and the range ([min–max]) of each item are reported. K-BDI-II, Korean Version of Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition61; FTND, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence57,58; QSU-brief, brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges59.
aAverage education where 1 = ≤ middle school graduate, 2 = high school graduate, 3 = some university or community college graduate, 4 = Bachelor’s degree, 5 = ≥ Postgraduate studies.
bAverage household monthly income where 1 = ≤ $1800, 2 = $1800 to 3500, 3 = $3500 to 5300, 4 = $5300 to 7000, 5 = $7000 to 8800, and 6 = ≥ $8800.
cQuit attempts data are missing from ten past-smokers, and cigarettes per day data are missing from one smoker and seven past-smokers. FTND and QSU-brief data are missing from one smoker and eight past-smokers; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.