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. 2022 Nov 17;30(10):27815–27832. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-24083-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Effect of PE on CCl₄-induced oxidative stress in the liver. a MDA levels; b NO levels; c GSR activities; d GSH levels; e GST activities; f SOD activities; and g GPx activities. Where all values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 8), (*) = significance as compared with control at p < 0.05, (#) = significance as compared with the CCl₄ group at p < 0.05. C group: control rats; PE group: rats receive only papaya pulp extract; CCl₄ group: rats administrated with CCl₄; PE-CCl₄ group: rats received papaya pulp extract before and during CCl₄ injection; PE-CCl₄-PE group: rats received papaya pulp extract before, during, and after CCl₄ injection