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Mechanisms of aging involved in the development of IPF. Hallmarks of cellular senescence are decreased autophagy, telomere attrition, epigenetic changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress and SASP, which contribute to the occurrence and development of IPF. Mechanisms in cell senescence interact with each other and form a complex network. IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; SASP, senescence-associated secretion phenotype.
