Table 3.
Visibility of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) on imaging.
| Visibility of irAEs on imaging | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| irAEs | Best imaging for visualization | US | CT | MRI | 18F-FDG PET/CT |
| Enteritis | CT | – | √ | (√) | (√) |
| Colitis | CT | – | √ | (√) | (√) * |
| Hepatitis | US | (√) | (√) | (√) | (√) * |
| Cholecystitis and cholangitis | US | √ | (√) | √ | (√) |
| Pancreatitis | CT | (√) | √ | √ | √ |
| Acute kidney injury | US | (√) | (√) | (√) | (√) * |
| Pneumonitis | CT | – | √ | – | √ |
| Sarcoid-like reactions | PET/CT | – | √ | (√) | √ |
| Myocarditis | MRI - PET/CT | (√) | (√) | √ | √ ** |
| Pericarditis | MRI | (√) | (√) | √ | √ |
| Myositis | MRI | (√) | (√) | √ | √ ** |
| Encephalitis | MRI | – | – | √ | √ * |
| Aseptic meningitis | MRI | – | – | √ | – |
| Central nervous system vasculitis | MRI | – | (√) | √ | (√) |
| Hypophysitis | MRI | – | (√) | √ | √ |
| Thyroid dysfunction | US | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Primary adrenal insufficiency or adrenalitis | MRI | – | √ | √ | √ |
US, ultrasound; CT, computed tomography; MRI, magnet resonance imaging; 18F-FDG PET/CT, 2-deo-y-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography.
√, good visibility; (√), moderate visibility; -, poor visibility or not applicable; * Decreased visibility due to physiological 18F-FDG uptake; ** 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT as an additional option.