Table 4.
Differences in pQCT‐Measured Bone Outcomes in Children Living With HIV by Exposure to Tenofovir
| Males | Unadjusted (n = 151) | Adjusted (n = 151) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone density | MD (95% CI) | p Value | MD (95% CI) | p Value |
| 4% trabecular density (mg/cm3) | −12.9 (−27.7, 1.9) | 0.088 | −18.8 (−35.8, −1.8) | 0.030 |
| 38% cortical density (mg/cm3) | 14.5 (−0.6, 29.6) | 0.060 | 10.1 (−8.0, 28.2) | 0.269 |
| Bone size | ||||
| 4% total CSA (mm2) | 109.6 (36.8, 182.5) | 0.004 | −2.4 (−70.6, 65.8) | 0.945 |
| 38% total CSA (mm2) | 85.8 (−31.6, 203.2) | 0.151 | 64.9 (−77.4, 207.1) | 0.369 |
| 38% cortical thickness (mm) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.4) | 0.352 | −0.14 (−0.4, 0.1) | 0.323 |
| Bone strength | ||||
| 38% stress–strain index, (mm3) | 122.3 (−10.0, 254.5) | 0.070 | −50.5 (−184.4, 83.4) | 0.454 |
| Females | Unadjusted (n = 152) | Adjusted (n = 152) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone density | MD (95% CI) | p Value | MD (95% CI) | p Value |
| 4% trabecular density (mg/cm3) | 9.1 (−6.7, 24.9) | 0.253 | −5.4 (−23.7, 12.9) | 0.557 |
| 38% cortical density (mg/cm3) | 14.7 (−1.1, 30.4) | 0.067 | −11.5 (−28.3, 5.3) | 0.177 |
| Bone size | ||||
| 4% total CSA (mm2) | 175.1 (112.8, 237.4) | <0.001 | 45.1 (−24.9, 115.0) | 0.204 |
| 38% total CSA (mm2) | 47.2 (24.0, 70.4) | <0.001 | 5.6 (−20.4, 31.6) | 0.668 |
| 38% cortical thickness (mm) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.049 | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) | 0.423 |
| Bone strength | ||||
| 38% stress–strain index (mm3) | 226.6 (119.3, 333.9) | <0.001 | 27.1 (−86.5, 140.6) | 0.635 |
MD = mean difference; CI = confidence interval.
Adjusted for age (years), height (cm), pubertal status, fat mass, physical activity, socioeconomic status, and orphanhood. MD (95% CI) with those who are not using tenofovir disproxil fumarate (TDF) as the reference group, such that negative values mean that those using TDF have lower values than those who are not using TDF. All pQCT variables, Tanner stages, and orphanhood were estimated by multiple imputation.