Fig. 2.

IR-61 augments bacterial phagocytosis and killing by macrophages. (a, b) PMs were treated with 10 μM IR-61 for 24 h, and then were incubated with latex beads (a) or pHrodo-labelled E. coli(b) for another 1 h. Uptake was measured using fluorescent microscopy (Control vs IR-61: p = 0.0004 (a) and p = 0.0004 (b); n = 3 plates of PMs per group and random observation of 3 visual fields per plate; bars represent 25 μm). (c, d) Uptake of latex beads (c) or pHrodo-labelled E. coli(d) was measured using flow cytometry (Control vs IR-61: p < 0.0001 (c) and p < 0.0001 (d); n = 3 per group). (e) PMs were treated with 10 μM IR-61 for 24 h, and then were infected with S. aureus or E. coli for 90 min. Cells were lysed after a 2 h incubation with gentamicin and intracellular contents were seeded onto LB agar plates for 18 h to count the CFUs (Control vs IR-61: p = 0.0003 (S. aureus) and p = 0.0203 (E. coli); n = 4 per group). Results are presented as the mean ± SD (∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001; two-sided Student's t-test).