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. 2023 Feb 9;22:101359. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101359

Table 3.

Association between individual migration and later-life survival.

Men
 Women
Noffspring Nfamilies HR + 95% CI p-value Noffspring Nfamilies HR + 95% CI p-value
Migration
Ego migrated
  • ⁃

    No

  • 7135

4859 ref. ref. 6377 4304 ref. ref.
  • ⁃

    Yes b

  • 5584

3759 0.92 (0.89–0.96) <0.001 6441 4198 0.94 (0.91–0.98) <0.001



Control variables
Year of birtha 12,719 6746 0.95 (0.94–0.96) <0.001 12,818 6867 0.98 (0.96–0.99) <0.001
Sibship size
  • ⁃

    2-4

  • 1308

912 ref. ref. 1319 919 ref. ref.
  • ⁃

    5-8

  • 4955

2836 1.02 (0.96–1.09) 0.486 4980 2889 0.98 (0.93–1.05) 0.599
  • ⁃

    9+

  • 6456

2998 1.04 (0.98–1.10) 0.196 6519 3059 1.02 (0.96–1.08) 0.508
Social class
  • ⁃

    Elite

  • 271

246 1.20 (1.06–1.36) 0.005 39 39 0.93 (0.68–1.23) 0.969
  • ⁃

    Middle class

  • 1397

1169 1.00 (0.94–1.07) 0.971 279 254 0.98 (0.90–1.06) 0.523
  • ⁃

    Skilled laborers

  • 2473

1846 0.96 (0.91–1.02) <0.159 291 264 0.87 (0.78–0.97) 0.012
  • ⁃

    Laborers

  • 2482

1877 ref. ref. 5498 3709 ref. ref.
  • ⁃

    Farmers

  • 1933

1288 0.90 (0.85–0.96) <0.001 668 548 0.99 (0.90–1.03) 0.238
  • ⁃

    Farm workers

  • 2221

1693 0.95 (0.90–1.01) 0.091 526 452 1.01 (0.94–1.12) 0.541
  • ⁃

    Unknown

  • 1942

1633 1.08 (1.02–1.15) 0.010 5517 3654 1.00 (0.93–1.01) 0.118



Environment
Child mortality rate 12,719 6746 0.99 (0.97–1.01) 0.292 12,818 6867 1.00 (0.98–1.02) 0.982
Number of inhabitants 12,719 6746 1.01 (0.98–1.05) 0.509 12,818 6867 1.03 (0.99–1.07) 0.103
Net migration rate 12,719 6746 0.98 (0.95–1.02) 0.413 12,818 6867 1.03 (1.00–1.07) 0.091
Island of birth
  • ⁃

    Noord-Beveland

  • 542

 300 ref. ref. 533 291 ref. ref.
  • ⁃

    Schouwen-Duiveland

  • 1614

869 0.98 (0.89–1.09) 0.734 1583 879 0.97 (0.88–1.08) 0.585
  • ⁃

    Sint Philipsland

  • 100

 46 0.81 (0.66–1.01) 0.058 88 48 0.77 (0.62–0.97) 0.027
  • ⁃

    Tholen

  • 1238

638 0.91 (0.82–1.01) 0.065 1,15 628 0.98 (0.88–1.08) 0.662
  • ⁃

    Walcheren

  • 3179

1681 1.00 (0.91–1.09) 0.954 3302 1744 1.05 (0.96–1.16) 0.271
  • ⁃

    Zeeuws Vlaanderen

  • 3375

1840 1.00 (0.91–1.10) 0.990 3537 1883 1.02 (0.93–1.12) 0.655
  • ⁃

    Zuid-Beveland

  • 2671

1430 1.06 (0.96–1.16) 0.239 2670 1463 1.06 (0.97–1.17) 0.199
a

The survival advantage for year of birth decreased with age from 0.91 (CI: 0.88–0.94) to 0.94 (CI: 0.91–0.96), 0.95 (CI: 0.93–0.97), 0.98 (CI: 0.96–1.01), and 0.95 (CI: 0.90–1.02).

b

Associations with migration decreased from 0.81 (CI: 0.74–0.90) before age 60 to 0.96 (CI: 0.93–1.00) between ages 60–100. The survival advantage for year of birth decreased linearly with age from 0.93 (CI: 0.90–0.96) to 0.96 (CI: 0.93–0.98), 0.98 (CI: 0.96–1.00), 1.00 (CI: 0.98–1.03), and 1.04 (CI: 0.98–1.10).