Table A2.

Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. ^a

	Selection				Comparability	Outcome
Lead Author (Year)	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	Total
Costa (2004) 10	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	8
Lerer (2004) 35	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	8
Choi (2010) 5	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	8
Lee (2011) 33	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	8
Park (2012) 45	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	8
Ohishi (2014) 42	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊◊	◊	◊	◊	9
MacFarlane (2017) 37	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	8
Goto (2019) 18	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	8
Liu (2020) 36	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊◊	◊	◊	◊	9
Kim (2020) 25	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	8
Hisashi (2022) 21	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊◊	◊	◊	◊	9
Yoon (2022) 51	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	8
Bin (2016) 3	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊◊	◊	◊	◊	9
Kim (2019) 29	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	8
Kim (2019) 28	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊◊	◊	◊	◊	9
Ding (2007) 14	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊◊	◊	◊	◊	9
Crema (2010) 11	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	8
Emmanuel (2016) 15	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊◊	◊	◊	◊	9
Teichtahl (2017) 48	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊◊	◊	◊	◊	9
Özdemir (2019) 43	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	8
Jeon (2021) 22	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊◊	◊	◊	◊	9
Kim (2020) 26	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	◊	8

^a One diamond indicates 1 point. A maximum of 2 diamonds can be awarded for the “Selection” and “Outcome” categories (columns 1-4 and 6-8). A maximum of 2 diamonds can be awarded for “Comparability” (column 5). Newcastle-Ottawa Scale items: 1 = representativeness of exposed cohort; 2 = selection of nonexposed cohort; 3 = ascertainment of exposure; 4 = demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study; 5 = comparability of cohorts based on basis of design or analysis; 6 = assessment of outcomes; 7 = follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur; 8 = adequacy of follow-up of cohorts.