Appendix Table A1.
Characteristics of the Included Studies a
| Lead Author (Year) | Sample Size, n | Age at Surgery, y | RTA Criteria | Follow-up, y | No. (%) of ACL Graft Failures | No. (%) of Contralateral ACL Injuries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anderson (2003) 3 | 12 | 13.3 ± 1.4 | Time (∼6.5 mo) | 4.1 ± 1.9 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Aronowitz (2000) 6 | 19 | 13.3 ± 1 | Quad strength (LSI >90%) | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Calvo (2015) 14 | 27 | 13 ± 1 | Isokinetic strength (LSI >90%) | 10.6 ± 0.8 | 4 (15) | NR |
| Fourman (2021) 23 | 43 | 11.4 ± 1.8 | 6 mo noncontact sports; 9 mo contact sports | 5.5 ± 2.4 | 4 (11) | NR |
| Gagliardi (2020) 24 | 81 | 15.9 ± 1.7 | Endurance, jumping, strength and agility single-leg tests (LSI >90%) | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 1 (1) | 8 (10) |
| Goddard (2013) 25 | 32 | 12.4 ± 2.5 | Time (12 mo) | 2 ± 0 | 0 (0) | NR |
| Graziano (2017) 29 | 42 | 12 ± 1.3 | KT-1000 arthrometry (LSI), isokinetic leg strength (LSI), single-leg hop (LSI), sport-specific movements (control and quality) | NR | 3 (7) | 2 (5) |
| Johnson (2020) 41 | 26 | NR | Quadriceps index >90%, single-leg hop test >90%, KOS-ADLS >90%, single-item GRS >90%, surgeon approval | 2 ± 0 | 3 (12) | 5 (19) |
| Kocher (2018) 44 | 237 | 11.2 ± 1.7 | Patient tolerance | 6.2 ± 5.7 | 9 (7) | NR |
| Lanzetti (2020) 45 | 42 | 12.5 ± 0.8 | Muscular tropism judged by surgeon | 8 ± 12.5 | 2 (5) | 1 (2) |
| Larson (2016) 46 | 29 | 13.9 ± 1.6 | Anterior and triple hop (LSI >90%, landing and pivoting mechanics) | 4 ± 1.3 | 5 (17) | 5 (17) |
| Luo (2015) 53 | 124 | 16.1 ± 1.4 | Satisfactory score on 6 of the 7 isokinetic knee extension and flexion strength (LSI >85%), vertical jump, single- and triple-hop tests (LSI >90%) | 0.5 ± 0 | NR | NR |
| Nikolaou (2011) 60 | 8 | 13.7 ± 1.1 | 6 mo | NR | 4 (4) | NR |
| Pennock (2018) 67 | 30 | 11.8 ± 1.6 | ROM (LSI 100%), girth (0-1 cm), isokinetic leg strength (LSI), single-leg heel raise (LSI >90%), single-leg dip angle (LSI 100%), single-leg dip endurance (LSI >88%), single-leg anterior, cross, and triple hop (LSI >90%), tuck jump (no deviations), t test shuffle and sprint (no hesitation or valgus) | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 4 (15) | 3 (12) |
| Pennock (2019) 68 | 90 | 14.8 ± 1.4 | Same as for Pennock (2018) | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 13 (16) | 10 (12) |
| Salmon (2018) 70 | 39 | 16 ± 1 | Time (6 mo), ligamentous stability judged by surgeon | NR | 15 (39) | 5 (13) |
| Sankar (2006) 72 | 12 | 15.6 ± 1.1 | Isokinetic quadriceps strength (LSI >85%) | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Sankar (2008) 71 | 247 | 15.4 ± 1.3 | Quadriceps strength (LSI >85%) | 6.3 ± 2 | 17 (7) | NR |
| Severyns (2016) 73 | 11 | 13.5 ± 1.2 | Time (6 mo) | 2.08 ± 1.3 | NR | NR |
| Shelbourne (2004) 75 | 16 | 14.8 ± 0.7 | ROM (LSI 100%), patient confidence, isokinetic quadriceps strength (LSI >90%) | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 1 (6) | 2 (13) |
| Shelbourne (2009) 74 | 528 | NR | ROM (LSI 100%), isokinetic quadriceps strength (LSI >85%) | >5 | 46 (9) | 46 (9) |
| Shelbourne (2009) 76 | 402 | 15.6 ± 1 | Patients felt comfortable | 9.8 ± 5.2 | 43 (11) | 63 (16) |
| Streich (2010) 80 | 16 | 11 ± 0.8 | Time (12 mo) | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 0 (0) | NR |
| Sugimoto (2020) 81 | 105 | 13.4 ± 1.4 | Isometric leg strength (LSI >90%); anterior, cross, triple, and timed hop tests (LSI >90%); Y-balance test (LSI >90%) | 0.5-0.75 | NR | NR |
| Wall (2017) 82 | 27 | 11.4 ± 1.9 | Leg strength, hop, agility (LSI >85%) | 3.6 ± 1.4 | 4 (15) | 2 (7) |
| Willimon (2015) 84 | 21 | 11.8 ± 1 | Anterior, cross, triple, and timed hops (LSI) | 3 ± 1.5 | 2 (10) | NR |
| Willson (2018) 85 | 23 | 13 ± 1.4 | Time (6 mo), no pain or swelling; ROM (LSI 100%), Pedi-IKDC and ACL-RSI score, isometric and isokinetic leg strength (LSI >90%), hopping tests (distance and form) | 1.8 ± 1 | 0 (0) | 3 (13) |
a Data are reported as n (%) or mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. ACL, anterior cruciate ligament; ACL-RSI, Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Return to Sport after Injury scale; GRS, Global Rating Scale of perceived knee function; KOS-ADLS, Knee Outcome Survey–Activities of Daily Living Scale; LSI, limb symmetry index; NR, not reported; Pedi-IKDC, Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee questionnaire; ROM, range of motion; RTA, return to activity.