Table 3.
Prognostic models combining liquid biopsy with other conventional parameters
| Sample | Method | Model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| MGUS | Slide-based immunofluorescence |
Prognostic score for PFS: 0–3 1. Presence of CMMCs 2. M protein ≥ 2 g/L in the PB 3. Disease type: non-IgG heavy chain |
[15] |
| SMM | Slide-based immunofluorescence |
Prognostic score for TTP: 0–2 1. CMMCs > 5,000 × 106/L and/or > 5% cytoplasmic Ig-positive PCs 2. M protein spike ≥ 3 g/dL in the PB |
[16] |
| NDMM | Slide-based immunofluorescence |
Prognostic score for OS: 1. CMMC ≥ 4% 2. the BMPC labeling index (LI) ≥ 1% |
[17] |
| NDMM | MFC (2-color) |
Prognostic score (CMMC + ISS stage) for OS: 0–3 1. > 10 CMMCs/50,000 events at diagnosis 2. β2-microglobulin > 3.5 mg/L 3. Albumin < 3.5 g/dL |
[19] |
| NDMM | MFC (2-color) |
For PFS and OS: ≥ 41 CMMCs/50,000 events at diagnosis increased the stratification of NDMM with standard-risk cytogenetics but not of NDMM with high-risk cytogenetics |
[21] |
| NDMM | MFC (2-color) |
Prognostic score for PFS and OS: 1. Presence of CMMCs 2. R-ISS stage (R-ISSII) |
[22] |
| MM with ASCT | MFC (2-color) |
Prognostic score for PFS and OS: 0–2 1. Presence of CMMCs before ASCT 2. High-risk cytogenetics |
[20] |
| MM with ASCT | MFC (6-color) |
Prognostic score for OS: 1. Presence of CMMCs before ASCT 2. High-risk cytogenetics |
[27] |
| NDMM | MFC (6-color) |
Prognostic score for TTNT and OS: 1. ≥ 400 CMMCs/150,000 events (≥ 5 CMMCs/μL) at diagnosis 2. R-ISS stage (R-ISSII) |
[28] |
| MM | MACS (CD138) combined with MFC (6-color) |
Prognostic score for OS: 1. Presence of CMMCs 2. Presence of EM lesions |
[35] |
| NDMM | MFC (7-color) |
The PET-CMMC staging system for PFS and OS: 1. CMMCs ≥ 0.10% of the total mononuclear cells at diagnosis 2. Presence of > 3 focal lesions with or without EM disease in PET-CT The PET-CMMC system combined with the R-ISS stage The PET-CMMC system combined with high-risk cytogenetics |
[32] |
| NDMM | MFC (7-color) |
Nomogram for PFS and OS: 1. ≥ 0.038% CMMCs at diagnosis 2. Creatine and LDH levels |
[33] |
| NDMM | MFC (7-color) |
Prognostic score (CMMC + R-ISS) for PFS and OS: 1. ≥ 0.07% CMMCs (≥ 5 cells/μL) at diagnosis 2. R-ISS stage (R-ISSII) Prognostic score (CMMC + MRD) for PFS and OS: 1. ≥ 0.07% CMMCs (≥ 5 cells/μL) at diagnosis 2. Premaintenance MRD status |
[34, 71] |
| NDMM | MFC (8-color) |
Prognostic score (CMMC + R-ISS) for PFS and OS: 1. ≥ 0.105% CMMCs at diagnosis 2. R-ISS stage (R-ISSIII) |
[72] |
| MGUS, SMM, MM | MFC (10-color) |
Risk stratification for PFS and OS: 1. ≥ 0.0035% CMMCs of total leukocytes at diagnosis 2. High LDH and/or β2-microglobulin > 5.5 mg/L 1. High CMMCs combined with Mayo risk stratification in MGUS 2. High CMMCs combined with IMWG risk stratification in SMM 3. High CMMCs combined with R-ISS in MM |
[68] |
| NDMM | NGF |
Prognostic score for PFS: 1. ≥ 0.1 CMMCs/μL of blood at diagnosis 2. sIF status (≥ VGPR or not) Prognostic score for PFS: 1. ≥ 0.1 CMMCs/μL of blood at diagnosis 2. MRD status in the BM evaluated by NGF |
[7] |
| NDMM | NGF |
Prognostic score for PFS in all MM cohorts: 0–2 1. Presence of CMMCs after therapy 2. sIF status Prognostic score for PFS in MM achieved CR/sCR: 0–2 1. Presence of CMMCs after therapy 2. MRD status in the BM evaluated by NGF Prognostic score for PFS in longitudinal monitoring: 1. Changes of sIF status (− / − , − / + , + / + , + / −) 2. Changes of CMMC status (− / − , − / + , + / + , + / −) |
[38] |
| NDMM | NGF |
Prognostic score (CMMC + R-ISS) for PFS and OS: 0–4 1. ≥ 0.01% CMMCs (0.6 CMMCs/mL) at diagnosis 2. R-ISS stage (three factors) |
[6] |
| RRMM | ULP-WGS |
Stratification (cfDNA + IMWG response criteria) for PFS: 1. ≥ 10% TF in cfDNA after two cycles of treatment 2. IMWG response status (SD or PR) |
[47] |
| SMM | / |
Stratification (cfDNA + GEP70) for PFS and OS: 1. cfDNA > 25.2 ng/mL of plasma 2. GEP70 (high-risk or low-risk) |
[9] |
| NDMM | NGS |
Nomogram for PFS: 1. Age ≥ 65 years 2. DNA repair pathway mutation in ctDNA 3. Transcriptional regulation pathway mutation in ctDNA |
[73] |
| MGUS, MM | RNA-seq |
Ten-gene model in cf-mRNA: distinguish MM from MGUS and MGUS from non-cancer cases AIDA, CA1, EPB42, HBG1, HBG2, CENPE, CPOX, and NUSAP1, NEK2, ELL2 |
[81] |