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. 2022 Jul 18;2(7):635–643. doi: 10.1038/s43587-022-00243-7

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2022, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a–c, Higher global longitudinal phenotypic score indicates accelerated phenotypic aging trajectories. Higher annual decreases in DSST (a), memory (b), executive function (c), attention (d), language (e) and visuospatial ability (f) indicate faster decline of cognitive function. Memory score is constructed by the average of standardized immediate recall and long-delay-free recall from the CVL test. Language score is constructed as the average of standardized letter fluency and standardized category fluency. Attention score is constructed as the average standardized log-transformed trail-making tests part A and digit span forward. Executive function is constructed by the average of standardized log-transformed trail-making tests part B and digit span backward. Visuospatial ability is calculated by standardized cart rotations test. Two-sided tests were used, and the displayed P values were not adjusted for multiple comparisons. Participants with at least two visits: DSST, n = 867; memory, n = 877; executive function, n = 894; attention, n = 894; language, n = 892; visuospatial ability, n = 878; also, see Supplementary Table 1b for more details.

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