Table 3.
Baseline Balance and Differential Attrition, Zambia
| Full baseline sample |
Attritor |
Panel |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control mean (S.D.) | Difference T-C [p-value] | Difference T-C [p-value] | Difference T-C [p-value] | |
|
|
|
|
||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
| Panel A: Determinants of program eligibility in Malawi | ||||
| Labor constrained (dependency ratio > 3)a | 0.713 (0.453) | 0.024 [0.266] | 0.067 [0.322] | 0.021 [0.302] |
| Natural floor (sand or mud) | 0.943 (0.233) | 0.007 [0.562] | 0.031 [0.352] | 0.005 [0.700] |
| Natural roof (grass or iron sheets) | 0.981 (0.137) | −0.002 [0.721] | 0.019 [0.513] | −0.004 [0.517] |
| Natural walls (grass or mud) | 0.536 (0.499) | 0.035 [0.483] | 0.032 [0.720] | 0.036 [0.463] |
| Unimproved toilet (latrine without roof or no toilet) | 0.989 (0.107) | −0.003 [0.517] | −0.024* [0.075] | −0.001 [0.839] |
| Owns any agricultural assets | 0.918 (0.275) | −0.003 [0.873] | −0.005 [0.877] | −0.002 [0.883] |
| Last year’s harvested maize lasted <4 months | N.A. | |||
| Household members have on average only one meal per day | 0.271 (0.445) | 0.025 [0.475] | −0.052 [0.422] | 0.035 [0.302] |
| Received any assistance (cash, food or other aid), past 12 months | 0.601 (0.490) | −0.07 [0.156] | −0.019 [0.823] | −0.076 [0.124] |
| Panel B: Determinants of program eligibility in Zambia | ||||
| Female headed household with orphans | 0.572 (0.495) | 0.013 [0.687] | 0.064 [0.376] | 0.007 [0.835] |
| Household has a disabled member | 0.259 (0.438) | 0.045** [0.033] | −0.065 [0.225] | 0.059*** [0.007] |
| Elderly (>60 years old) headed household with orphans | 0.294 (0.456) | 0.008 [0.806] | −0.057 [0.431] | 0.016 [0.651] |
| Panel C: Determinants of transfer size in Malawi | ||||
| Household size = 2 | 0.041 (0.199) | −0.012 [0.132] | −0.062** [0.038] | −0.007 [0.427] |
| Household size = 3 | 0.107 (0.309) | 0.019 [0.282] | 0.053 [0.303] | 0.014 [0.451] |
| Household size >= 4 | 0.852 (0.356) | −0.007 [0.760] | 0.008 [0.890] | −0.007 [0.745] |
| N individuals aged < 21 | 3.904 (1.971) | 0.053 [0.729] | 0.262 [0.383] | 0.036 [0.808] |
| N individuals aged 21-29 | 0.448 (0.737) | −0.029 [0.554] | −0.061 [0.624] | −0.028 [0.560] |
| Panel D: Household outcomes | ||||
| Owned or cultivated any land (past agricultural season) | 0.919 (0.273) | −0.012 [0.393] | −0.073** [0.024] | −0.005 [0.746] |
| Total area of land owned or cultivated (ha, log) | 0.305 (0.205) | −0.012 [0.354] | 0.005 [0.788] | −0.015 [0.282] |
| Sold any crop (past agricultural season) | 0.479 (0.500) | −0.065* [0.095] | 0.062 [0.430] | −0.081** [0.036] |
| Hired any person to work on land (past agricultural season) | 0.029 (0.167) | 0.003 [0.839] | −0.006 [0.841] | 0.004 [0.764] |
| Owns any livestockb | 0.578 (0.494) | −0.090** [0.031] | −0.075 [0.298] | −0.093** [0.030] |
| Sold any livestock (past 12 months) | 0.190 (0.393) | −0.019 [0.462] | −0.07 [0.230] | −0.013 [0.612] |
| Operated any non-farm business (past 12 months) | N.A. | |||
| Monthly profit of non-farm business (constant 2011 USD) | N.A. | |||
| N (households) | 1,045 | 2,153 | 236 | 1,917 |
| Panel E: Child demographics | ||||
| Age | 9.846 (2.784) | −0.238** [0.010] | −0.232 [0.329] | −0.248** [0.008] |
| Female | 0.479 (0.500) | 0.013 [0.355] | 0.026 [0.553] | 0.011 [0.482] |
| Panel F: Child outcomes | ||||
| Attends school | 0.661 (0.473) | −0.057** [0.029] | −0.084 [0.105] | −0.051* [0.051] |
| Any education expenditure | 0.565 (0.496) | −0.045 [0.209] | −0.070 [0.291] | −0.039 [0.268] |
| Highest grade completed | 1.837 (1.986) | −0.303*** [0.004] | −0.366* [0.076] | −0.297*** [0.008] |
| Engaged in: | ||||
| Livestock herding for the household (past week) | N.A. | |||
| Household non-agricultural business (past week) | N.A. | |||
| Paid work outside the household (past week in Malawi, past 2 weeks in Zambia) | 0.014 (0.117) | −0.003 [0.511] | 0.006 [0.521] | −0.005 [0.270] |
| Collecting water or firewood (past day) | N.A. | |||
| Taking care of children, cooking or cleaning (past day) | N.A. | |||
| Unpaid work and chores (past 2 weeks) | 0.682 (0.466) | −0.028 [0.401] | −0.060 [0.236] | −0.021 [0.523] |
| Joint test of orthogonality | [0.256] | [0.913] | [0.256] | |
| Panel G: Child attrition | ||||
| Attrited | 0.156 (0.363) | 0.027 [0.166] | ||
| N (children) | 4,816 | 817 | 3,999 | |
| N (children, treatment Community Welfare Assistance Committees) | 2,511 | 455 | 2,053 | |
Notes:
a.
The dependency ratio is defined as the number of household members divided by the number of household members who are “fit to work” (aged 19-64 years without any illnesses or disabilities and, if 19-25, not in school).
b.
Outcome variable is a determinant of eligibility in Malawi. The sample includes children aged 5-14 years at baseline (8-17 years at endline). Column (1) reports standard deviations in parentheses. Regressions in columns (2) to (4) include fixed effects for the stratification variable (district). P-values in brackets, estimated using the wild bootstrap method (parameters: 999 replications, Rademacher weights), clustering at the unit of randomization level (Community Welfare Assistance Committees).
*
p <0.1
**
p <0.05
***
p < 0.01.
Source: Zambia Multiple Category Targeting Programme (MCP).