Table 6.

Impact on Child Participation in Economic Activities and Household Chores

	Malawi		Zambia
	Control mean	Impact	Control mean	Impact
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Any economic activities	0.302	0.034 [0.133]	0.180	0.055** [0.014]
Agricultural work for the household (excluding livestock)	0.144	0.063** [0.024]	N.A.
Livestock herding for the household	0.038	0.068*** [0.000]	0.029	0.039*** [0.007]
Household non-agricultural business	0.019	0.002 [0.715]	0.139	0.034* [0.056]
Paid work outside the household	0.188	−0.061*** [0.001]	0.045	0.001 [0.889]
Any chores	0.651	0.097*** [0.000]	0.711	0.028 [0.105]
Collecting water or firewood	0.581	0.095*** [0.000]	0.677	0.034* [0.066]
Taking care of children, cooking or cleaning	0.424	0.084*** [0.000]	0.3 31	0.005 [0.798]
Taking care of elderly or sick household members	0.099	0.019 [0.178]	N.A.
Any economic activities or chores	0.715	0.091*** [0.000]	0.742	0.031* [0.081]
N		5,806		3,999

Notes: The sample includes children aged 6-15 and 5-14 years at baseline, in Malawi and Zambia respectively (8-17 years at endline in both countries). Results are obtained using the endline data and regression specification (1), including fixed effects for gender, age, stratification variable (Traditional Authority for Malawi, district for Zambia) and enumerator. For Malawi, regressions also include controls for household composition (dummy variables for whether the household includes 3 members, 4 or more members, number of members below 21 years of age, number of members between 21 and 29 years of age). P-values in brackets, estimated using the wild bootstrap method (parameters: 999 replications, Rademacher weights), clustering at the unit of randomization level (village cluster for Malawi, Community Welfare Assistance Committee for Zambia).

^*p <0.1

^**p <0.05

^***p < 0.01.

Sources: Malawi Economic, Health and Demographic Survey (MEHDS), Zambia Multiple Category Targeting Programme (MCP).