Table 8.
Impact, by Age-Group at Endline
| Malawi |
Zambia |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Impact <12 | Impact 12-14 | Impact 15-17 | Impact <12 | Impact 12-14 | Impact 15-17 | |
|
|
|
|||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Panel A: Economic activities and household chores, extensive margin | ||||||
| Any economic activities | 0.018 [0.389] | 0.047** [0.034] | 0.055 [0.227] | 0.049* [0.086] | 0.058** [0.045] | 0.063** [0.023] |
| Any chores | 0.126*** [0.000] | 0.087*** [0.000] | 0.071** [0.031] | 0.025 [0.330] | 0.006 [0.799] | 0.045* [0.077] |
| Any economic activities or chores | 0.122*** [0.000] | 0.074*** [0.000] | 0.069** [0.016] | 0.036 [0.154] | 0.01 [0.697] | 0.038 [0.122] |
| Panel B: Excessive hours | ||||||
| Excessive hours in economic activities | 0.018 [0.389] | −0.009 [0.653] | −0.004 [0.501] | 0.049* [0.086] | −0.007 [0.408] | 0.005* [0.091] |
| Excessive hours in economic activities or chores | 0.023 [0.263] | 0.027 [0.261] | −0.027 [0.34] | 0.056* [0.063] | 0.046* [0.064] | 0.055** [0.044] |
| Panel C: Education (difference-in-differences) | ||||||
| Attends school | 0.082* [0.061] | 0.075** [0.018] | 0.146*** [0.000] | 0.029 [0.409] | 0.071* [0.086] | 0.085** [0.027] |
| Attends school regularlya | 0.128*** [0.003] | 0.148*** [0.000] | 0.190*** [0.000] | 0.036 [0.525] | 0.094* [0.073] | 0.103** [0.039] |
| Any education expenditure | 0.103** [0.023] | 0.084** [0.015] | 0.115*** [0.004] | 0.045 [0.207] | 0.101** [0.035] | 0.107** [0.039] |
| Highest grade of education completed | 0.405 [0.350] | 0.249 [0.133] | 0.136 [0.568] | −0.060 [0.539] | 0.024 [0.822] | −0.002 [0.990] |
| N (unique observations) | 2,482 | 2,097 | 1,227 | 1,462 | 1,331 | 1,206 |
| N (Attends school regularly, Zambia, unique observations) | 1,333 | 1,210 | 1,101 | |||
Notes:
Regular school attendance is defined as follows. Malawi: the child did not miss more than two consecutive weeks of school during the 12 months before the interview. Zambia: the child attended five days of school during the week before the interview (lower number of observations, due to children in boarding schools or children who were on holidays during the week before the interview). In Panels A and B, regressions are obtained by using the endline data and estimating regression specification (1) on subsamples by age group. In Panel C, regressions are obtained by using both the baseline and the endline data and estimating a difference-in-differences specification, on subsamples by age group. Hence, the number of observations used for Panel C regressions is double the number displayed in the table. The sample includes children aged 6-15 and 5-14 years at baseline, in Malawi and Zambia respectively (8-17 years at endline in both countries). Regressions include fixed effects for gender, age, stratification variable (Traditional Authority for Malawi, district for Zambia) and enumerator. For Malawi, regressions also include controls for household composition (dummy variables for whether the household includes 3 members, 4 or more members, number of members below 21 years of age, number of members between 21 and 29 years of age). P-values in brackets, estimated using the wild bootstrap method (parameters: 999 replications, Rademacher weights), clustering at the unit of randomization level (village cluster for Malawi, Community Welfare Assistance Committee for Zambia).
p <0.1
p <0.05
p < 0.01.
Sources: Malawi Economic, Health and Demographic Survey (MEHDS), Zambia Multiple Category Targeting Programme (MCP).