Table 1.

Description of case studies, community concerns following the disaster, level of CEnDR and description of the research methodology and tools used.

	Deepwater Horizon Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill (MC252).	Hurricane Harvey	Northwest Wildfires
Disaster Type	Chemical disaster – oil spill	Hurricane-caused flooding	Wildfire
Date of disaster	April 20 – September 19, 2010	August 17 – September 2, 2017	June – October, annually
Description of disaster	An industrial disaster on the Deepwater Horizon resulted in an estimated 4.9 million barrels of oil spilled from the Mississippi Canyon 252 (MC252) well over 87 days. Researchers collected pre-oiling samples as it took weeks for oil to reach the beaches.	Rainfall from Hurricane Harvey resulted in up to 60 inches of rainfall in 4 days, leading to catastrophic flooding (Oluyomi et al., 2021). Thirteen Superfund sites flooded in Houston, TX (EPA, 2017).	Wildfires are increasing in size, and subsequent smoke impact is leading to acute health impacts (Aguilera et al., 2021). Wildfire smoke composition varies between fires (type of wood burned, type of structures burned).
Geographic extent (US)	Gulf of Mexico and the coasts of Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida	Texas, Louisiana	Fires located in Washington, Idaho, Oregon, California. Smoke has travelled across the US and into Canada.
Community concerns (research issue)	• Impacts to human health, marine life, economy. • Concern regarding exposure to oil and chemical dispersants via contaminated air and water, local seafood, use of public and private beaches, residual oil, and potential for re-exposure due to hurricanes unearthing buried oil near the shore (Allan et al., 2012).	• Exposure to air toxics following emergency shut-down and start-up procedures at petrochemical facilities and the subsequent release of benzene and other chemicals (Miller and Craft, 2018). • Concern regarding exposure to chemicals from the 13 flooded Superfund sites	• Concern regarding exposure to wildfire smoke from air or deposition on vegetables • Chemical composition of wildfire smoke and impacts on human health • Behaviors that would reduce exposure to wildfire smoke.
Level of CEnDR	Involvement • community provided input on study design and sampling sites and helped maintain security of samplers • Provided local knowledge about relevant activities near sampling sites Engagement • community remained engaged through research dissemination and scientific outreach at a workshop	Involvement • community involved in recruitment efforts and input regarding report-back efforts (focus groups) Engagement • Ongoing research dissemination and forums	Involvement • Involved in the research issue identification Participation • Community members set up samplers and collected samples before, during, and after wildfires.
Participant retention rate	Not applicable	Retention across two time points = 57%.	Retention across three time points (3 years) = 62%.
Research methodology	Environmental sampling conducted before, during and after shoreline oiling. Chemical analytes: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.	Personal sampling conducted during and one year after flooding. Chemical analytes: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides, dioxins & furans, endocrine disruptors, personal care products, industrial, and pharmaceutical chemicals. Secondary data: Area deprivation index; proximity to toxic waste sites.	Environmental sampling and questionnaires conducted before, during and after wildfires. Chemical analytes: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Secondary data: PM2.5, NOAA Hazard Mapping data.
Research tool(s)	Environmental passive samplers.	Passive sampling wristbands; questionnaires.	Environmental passive samplers; questionnaires.
Duration of study	May 2010 – May 2011	August 2017 – present	2018 – 2020