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. 2023 Mar 5;16:143–155. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S397593

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© 2023 El Sayed.

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Origin of the Warburg effect. The Warburg effect originates from a vicious cycle and a closed circle existing between the two reversible glycolytic enzymes: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) where the former continuously produces NADH.H and the latter continuously utilizes it to form lactate from glucose even in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect). Both enzymes act in harmony to supply the needed coenzymes (GAPDH utilizes NAD⁺ and LDH utilizes NADH.H) to each other.