Table 5.

Two-way fixed effects Poisson analysis, drug- and alcohol-involvement outcomes

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)
	Panel A: Drug testing outcomes
	Driver Drug Tested			Driver Pos. Drug			Driver Pos. Opioids
Rx per Capita	0.160	0.057	0.051	0.367***	0.070	0.060	0.769***	0.266	0.256
	(0.092)	(0.065)	(0.065)	(0.111)	(0.102)	(0.100)	(0.176)	(0.168)	(0.168)
	[4.322]	[1.537]	[1.387]	[3.135]	[0.601]	[0.513]	[1.619]	[0.561]	[0.539]
State by Year FE	N	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	N	Y	Y
Covariates	N	N	Y	N	N	Y	N	N	Y
Dep. Variable Mean	27	27	27	8.5	8.5	8.5	2.1	2.1	2.1
N	6,811	6,811	6,811	6,690	6,690	6,690	5,910	5,910	5,910
	Panel B: Alcohol testing outcomes
	Driver Alc. Tested			Driver Pos. Alcohol			Driver Drunk
Rx per Capita	0.030	0.034	0.028	0.185*	0.099	0.090	0.158	0.082	0.069
	(0.053)	(0.050)	(0.050)	(0.082)	(0.075)	(0.073)	(0.102)	(0.089)	(0.088)
	[1.066]	[1.208]	[0.984]	[2.406]	[1.282]	[1.177]	[1.837]	[1.032]	[0.802]
State by Year FE	N	Y	Y	N	Y	Y	N	Y	Y
Covariates	N	N	Y	N	N	Y	N	N	Y
Dep. Variable Mean	35.6	35.6	35.6	13.0	13.0	13.0	11.6	11.6	11.6
N	6,829	6,829	6,829	6,826	6,826	6,826	6,826	6,826	6,826

^*p<0.05;

^**p<0.01;

^***p<0.001

Notes: Estimated on data from the FARS between 2007 and 2016. Poisson models explaining the number of each event in each commuting zone in each year. Rx Rate is the number of opioid prescriptions per resident in each CZ, in each year. All models include a population offset term, year and commuting zone fixed effects. Robust standard errors clustered at the CZ level in brackets. Average marginal effects in square brackets.