Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies Income level defined according to the World Bank. Currency reported in 2020 USD (and in the currency of primary report)
|
Alleweldt et al. 2021 |
Brown et al. 2021 |
Elliot et al. 2021 |
Ford et al. 2021 |
Gordon et al. 2021 |
Kumar et al. 2021 |
Dymond et al. 2020 |
Lee et al. 2020 |
Jain et al. 2019 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Data from |
2017 +/− |
1999–2019 |
2016–2018 |
2018 |
2021 |
2011–2016 |
2012–2013 |
2017 |
2000–2015 |
|
Economic analysis type |
Cost–benefit |
Cost–benefit |
Cost-effectiveness, cost–utility |
Costing study |
Cost–benefit, cost-effectiveness |
Cost-effectiveness |
Cost–utility |
Cost–benefit |
Cost–benefit |
|
Country of interest |
Various: Argentina, Canada, Italy, UK, USA |
USA |
Australia |
Australia |
Australia |
USA |
UK |
Australia |
Canada |
|
Income level of country of interest |
Upper middle income (Argentina), high (others) |
High |
High |
High |
High |
High |
High |
High |
High |
|
Viewpoint |
National surveillance |
National surveillance |
Hospital |
National surveillance |
Local government |
Hospital |
Hospital |
Hospital |
National surveillance |
|
Target organism |
Foodborne pathogens including E. coli , Listeria , Salmonella , Shigella (study also included influenza, not considered in this review) |
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii |
MRSA, ESBL E. coli , VRE, ESBL K. pneumoniae , CPE, CRAB |
Acinetobacter baumannii , Clostridium difficile , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Pseudomonas putida |
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
MDR E. coli |
Salmonella (non-typhoidal) |
||
|
Surveillance application |
Foodborne pathogens |
Foodborne pathogens |
Hospital infection prevention and control |
Foodborne pathogens |
Hospital infection prevention and control |
Hospital infection prevention and control |
Hospital infection prevention and control |
Hospital infection prevention and control |
Foodborne pathogens |
|
Reporting currency (year) |
EUR (assumed 2017) |
USD (2019) |
Australian dollars (2020) |
USD (2018) |
Australian dollars (base year 2020, costs inflated to 2019) |
USD (2018) |
GBP (2017/18) |
Australian dollars (2018) |
Canadian dollars (2015) |
|
Comparator |
Various, including: serotyping, PFGE, PCR, PCR typing, MLVA, MLST, biochemical analysis, and others |
PFGE |
Delayed use of WGS+environmental metagenomics |
Culture and serotyping, culture and MLVA (study also considered PCR, not considered in this review) |
Routine microbiology |
Standard infection prevention and control practices, including reactionary WGS |
Standard infection prevention and control practices |
No WGS, delayed WGS |
PFGE |
|
WGS cost/isolate USD (amount in reporting currency) |
Argentina: 183.90 (154.49) Canada: 256.36 (215.36) Italy: 470.37 (395.14) UK: 148.31 (124.59) USA: 183.92 (154.51) |
Not reported |
103.27 (150) WGS 244.42 (355) metagenomics |
85.67 (83.15) |
307.36 (437) |
72.13 (70) |
134.29 (100) |
272.86 (354.70) |
115.12 (135.6)* |
|
Comparator cost/isolate USD (amount in reporting currency) |
Argentina: 55.48 (46.61) Canada: 112.24 (94.29) Italy: 109.36 (91.87) UK: 77.92 (65.46) USA: 96.61 (81.16) |
Not reported |
na |
Culture 41.85 (40.62) Serotyping 43.66 (42.37) MLVA 54.26 52.66 |
57.67 (82) |
Not specified |
Positive 11.00 (8.19) Negative 6.43(4.79) |
60.95 (79.23) |
219.45 (258.49)* |
*Considered cost equal for the purposes of analysis; figures quoted are given in the discussion as an expert opinion on consumable costs.
CPE, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales; CRAB, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ; ESBL, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; EUR, euro; GBP, pound sterling; MDR, multidrug-resistant; MLST, multilocus sequence typing; MLVA, multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PFGE, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; UK, United Kingdom; USA, United States of America; USD, US dollars; VRE, vancomycin-resistant enterococci; WGS, whole-genome sequencin.