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. 2023 Feb 23;14:1016872. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1016872

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Copyright © 2023 Cai, Lin, Li, Liu, Feng, Zhang, Zhang, Huang and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Differences in fecal metabolomic profiles and pathways in individuals with DS and non-DS volunteers. (A) Fecal metabolomic profiling by GC-TOF-MS. PCA score plot for the non-DS and DS groups. (B) PLS-DA score plot for the non-DS and DS groups. (C) OPLS-DA score plot for the non-DS and DS groups. (D) S-loading plot based on the OPLS-DA analysis of fecal metabolomics. (E) Heatmap of the relative abundance of significantly different metabolites (VIP > 1.0 and p < 0.05) between the non-DS (HC) and DS groups. (F) Metabolic pathway impact prediction based on the KEGG online database. The -ln(p) values from the pathway enrichment analysis are indicated on the horizontal axis, and the impact values are indicated on the vertical axis. HC, non-DS volunteer (or non-DS group); DS, individual with DS (or DS group).