Table 1. Included studies with the event rates and corresponding hazard ratios.
NA, not available; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; SG, sleeve gastrectomy; RYGB, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
| Study name | Intervention group event rates | Control group event rates | Adjusted HR (CI) | Unadjusted HR (CI) |
| Coronary artery disease | ||||
| Bouchard et al., 2022 [13] | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Fisher et al., 2018 [16] | NA | NA | 0.64 (0.42-0.99) | NA |
| Alkharaiji et al., 2019 [17] | 18/131 | 259/579 | 0.29 (0.16-0.52) | 0.31 (0.19-0.52) |
| Aminian et al., 2019 [18] | NA | NA | 0.69 (0.54-0.87) | NA |
| Singh et al., 2020 [19] | NA | NA | 0.85 (0.61-1.19) | NA |
| Ardissino et al., 2021 [20] | 15/593 | 17/593 | 0.6884 (0.3244-1.4610) | NA |
| Rassen et al., 2021 [21] | NA | NA | 1.10 (0.67-1.80) | NA |
| Myocardial infarction | ||||
| Bouchard et al., 2022 [13] | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Alkharaiji et al., 2019 [17] | 13/131 | 95/579 | 0.98 (0.54-1.77) | 1.03 (0.57-1.86) |
| Ardissino et al., 2021 [20] | 6/593 | 6/593 | NA | NA |
| Sampalis et al., 2006 [22] | 35/1035 | 274/5746 | 0.71 (0.50-1.002) | NA |
| Sjöström et al., 2007 [23] | 13/2010 | 25/2037 | NA | NA |
| Romeo et al., 2012 [24] | NA | NA | 0.56 (0.34-0.93) | NA |
| Sjöström et al., 2012 [25] | 122/2010 | 136/2037 | NA | 0.71 (0.54-0.94) |
| Johnson et al., 2013 [26] | 8/2580 | 241/13371 | NA | NA |
| Douglas et al., 2015 [27] | 5/3618 | 18/3732 | 0.28 (0.10-0.74) | NA |
| Eliasson et al., 2015 [28] | 15/5694 | 39/5467 | 0.49 (0.24-1.01) | NA |
| Benotti et al., 2017 [29] | 12/1724 | 17/1724 | 0.89 (0.41-1.92) | 0.85 (0.41-1.79) |
| Brown et al., 2020 [30] | NA | NA | 0.39 (0.35-0.42) | NA |
| Michaels et al., 2020 [31] | 57/3242 | 323/3242 | NA | NA |
| Moussa et al., 2020 [32] | 37/3701 | 93/3701 | 0.41 (0.28-0.606) | NA |
| Stenberg et al., 2020 [33] | NA | NA | 0.53 (0.42-0.67) | 0.61 (0.50-0.75) |
| Wong et al., 2021 [34] | NA | NA | 0.534 (0.125-2.278) | NA |
| Höskuldsdóttir et al., 2020 [35] | NA | NA | 0.57 (0.24-1.35) | NA |
| Dash et al., 2021 [36] | NA | NA | 0.519 (0.301-0.894) | NA |
| Hung et al., 2021 [37] | 3/1436 | 15/1436 | 0.186 (0.054-0.643) | NA |
| Lundberg et al., 2021 [38] | 97/28204 | 518/40827 | 0.60 (0.41-0.88) | NA |
| Yuan et al., 2021 [39] | NA | NA | 0.24 (0.07-0.77) | 0.21 (0.07-0.69) |
| Mentias et al., 2022 [40] | NA | NA | 0.63 (0.59-0.68) | NA |
| Heart failure | ||||
| Bouchard et al., 2022 [13] | 182/3627 | 377/5420 | 0.80 (0.70-0.90) | NA |
| Alkharaiji et al., 2019 [17] | 13/131 | 91/579 | 0.89 (0.47-1.70) | 0.81 (0.44-1.49) |
| Aminian et al., 2019 [18] | NA | NA | 0.38 (0.30-0.49) | NA |
| Singh et al., 2020 [19] | NA | NA | 0.57 (0.34-0.96) | NA |
| Rassen et al., 2021 [21] | NA | NA | 0.82 (0.44-1.52) | NA |
| Sjöström et al., 2007 [23] | 2/2010 | 5/2037 | NA | NA |
| Johnson et al., 2013 [26] | 35/2580 | 1338/13371 | NA | NA |
| Benotti et al., 2017 [29] | 24/1724 | 55/1724 | 0.38 (0.22-0.64) | 0.53 (0.33-0.85) |
| Moussa et al., 2020 [32] | 22/3701 | 46/3701 | 0.403 (0.181-0.89) | NA |
| Wong et al., 2021 [34] | NA | NA | 0.283 (0.068-1.173) | NA |
| Höskuldsdóttir et al., 2020 [35] | NA | NA | 0.32 (0.15-0.67) | NA |
| Dash et al., 2021 [36] | NA | NA | 0.198 (0.109-0.36) | NA |
| Mentias et al., 2022 [40] | NA | NA | 0.46 (0.44-0.49) | NA |
| Persson et al., 2017 [41] | 89/22295 | 944/25564 | 0.37 (0.29-0.46) | NA |
| Sundström et al., 2017 [42] | 44/25804 | 29/13701 | NA | NA |
| Jamaly et al., 2019 [43] | 188/2003 | 266/2030 | 0.66 (0.51-0.81) | 0.65 (0.54-0.79) |
| Liakopoulos et al., 2020 [44] | 86/5321 | 233/5321 | 0.33 (0.24-0.46) | NA |
| Höskuldsdóttir et al., 2021 [45] | 47/5321 | 151/5321 | 0.27 (0.19-0.38) | NA |
| Atrial fibrillation | ||||
| Aminian et al., 2019 [18] | NA | NA | 0.78 (0.62-0.97) | NA |
| Singh et al., 2020 [19] | NA | NA | 0.93 (0.68-1.27) | 0.94 (0.60-1.28) |
| Rassen et al., 2021 [21] | NA | NA | 1.91 (1.10-3.33) | NA |
| Höskuldsdóttir et al., 2020 [35] | NA | NA | 0.69 (0.30-1.62) | NA |
| Yuan et al., 2021 [39] | NA | NA | 0.91 (0.43-1.90) | 0.64 (0.31-1.31) |
| Höskuldsdóttir et al., 2021 [45] | 104/5321 | 138/5321 | 0.59 (0.44-0.78) | NA |
| Jamaly et al., 2016 [46] | 247/2000 | 340/2021 | 0.69 (0.58-0.82) | NA |
| Lynch et al., 2019 [47] | 21/2522 | 73/2522 | NA | NA |
| Cerebrovascular accident | ||||
| Bouchard et al., 2022 [13] | 163/3627 | 233/5420 | 1.05 (0.74-1.12) | NA |
| Fisher et al., 2018 [16] | NA | NA | 0.69 (0.38-1.25) | NA |
| Alkharaiji et al., 2019 [17] | 8/131 | 40/579 | 0.87 (0.36-2.10) | 0.77 (0.34-1.72) |
| Aminian et al., 2019 [18] | NA | NA | 0.67 (0.48-0.94) | NA |
| Singh et al., 2020 [19] | NA | NA | 0.98 (0.66-1.45) | NA |
| Ardissino et al., 2021 [20] | 1/593 | 4/593 | 0.0227 (0.0009-5.45) | NA |
| Sjöström et al., 2007 [23] | 6/2010 | 6/2037 | NA | NA |
| Romeo et al., 2012 [24] | NA | NA | 0.73 (0.41-1.30) | NA |
| Sjöström et al., 2012 [25] | 93/2010 | 111/2037 | 0.66 (0.49-0.90) | NA |
| Johnson et al., 2013 [26] | 11/2580 | 214/13371 | NA | NA |
| Douglas et al., 2015 [27] | 17/3683 | 19/3748 | 0.91 (0.47-1.76) | NA |
| Benotti et al., 2017 [29] | 31/1724 | 49/1724 | 0.73 (0.45-1.17) | 0.77 (0.49-1.21) |
| Brown et al., 2020 [30] | NA | NA | 0.55 (0.51-0.59) | NA |
| Moussa et al., 2020 [32] | 4/3701 | 9/3701 | 0.536 (0.164-1.748) | NA |
| Stenberg et al., 2020 [33] | NA | NA | 0.81 (0.66-1.01) | 0.90 (0.75-1.09) |
| Wong et al., 2021 [34] | NA | NA | 0.811 (0.367-1.793) | NA |
| Höskuldsdóttir et al., 2020 [35] | NA | NA | 0.18 (0.04-0.82) | NA |
| Dash et al., 2021 [36] | NA | NA | 0.405 (0.169-0.971) | NA |
| Hung et al., 2021 [37] | 7/1436 | 42/1436 | 0.162 (0.073-0.360) | NA |
| Lundberg et al., 2021 [38] | 134/28204 | 486/40827 | 0.68 (0.48-0.96) | NA |
| Yuan et al., 2021 [39] | NA | NA | 1.23 (0.64-2.35) | 1 (0.53-1.91) |
| Mentias et al., 2022 [40] | NA | NA | 0.71 (0.65-0.79) | NA |
| Moussa et al., 2021 [48] | 19/4212 | 54/4212 | 0.352 (0.195-0.637) | NA |
| Cardiovascular mortality | ||||
| Carlsson et al., 2020 [14] | 167/2007 | 221/2040 | 0.70 (0.57-0.85) | NA |
| Sjöström et al., 2007 [23] | 20/2010 | 14/2037 | NA | NA |
| Sjöström et al., 2012 [25] | 28/2010 | 49/2037 | 0.47 (0.29-0.76) | 0.56 (0.35-0.88) |
| Johnson et al., 2013 [26] | 41/2580 | 985/13371 | NA | NA |
| Eliasson et al., 2015 [28] | 8/5694 | 33/5467 | 0.40 (0.15-1.05) | NA |
| Stenberg et al., 2020 [33] | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Höskuldsdóttir et al., 2020 [35] | NA | NA | 0.15 (0.03-0.68) | NA |
| Hung et al., 2021 [37] | 0/1436 | 2/1436 | NA | NA |
| Lundberg et al., 2021 [38] | 196/28204 | 989/40827 | 0.78 (0.60-1.01) | NA |
| Liakopoulos et al., 2020 [44] | NA | NA | 0.36 (0.22-0.58) | NA |
| Höskuldsdóttir et al., 2021 [45] | 5/5321 | 31/5321 | NA | NA |
| MacDonald Jr et al., 1997 [49] | 2/154 | 12/78 | NA | NA |
| Christou et al., 2004 [50] | 49/1035 | 1530/5746 | NA | NA |
| Batsis et al., 2007 [51] | 4.5/173 | 6.8/139 | NA | NA |
| Adams et al., 2007 [52] | 55/7925 | 104/7925 | 0.51 (0.36-0.73) | 0.51 (0.36-0.73) |
| Pontiroli et al., 2016 [53] | 5/385 | 22/681 | NA | NA |
| Davidson et al., 2016 [54] | NA | NA | 0.51 (0.36-0.73) | NA |
| Lent et al., 2017 [55] | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Pontiroli et al., 2018 [56] | 8/154 | 32/360 | NA | NA |
| Kauppila et al., 2019 [57] | 525/49977 | 30740/494842 | 0.57 (0.52-0.63) | NA |
| Doumouras et al., 2020 [58] (RYGB) | NA | NA | 0.58 (0.35-0.96) | NA |
| Doumouras et al., 2020 [58] (SG) | NA | NA | 0.39 (0.14-1.07) | NA |
| Sheetz et al., 2020 [59] | NA | NA | 0.47 (0.37-0.60) | NA |
| Courcoulas et al., 2021 [60] (RYGB) | NA | NA | 0.27 (0.20-0.37) | NA |
| Courcoulas et al., 2021 [60] (SG) | NA | NA | 0.57 (0.19-1.71) | NA |
| Doumouras et al., 2021 [61] | 9/3041 | 38/3041 | 0.32 (0.15-0.66) | NA |