Table 2.

The positive effects of well-known supplements on muscle mass and function in older adults.

Supplement	Subject	Amount	Duration	Exercise	Results	Reference
Essential amino acid (EAA)	Elderly patient (75-95 years) with sequelae of coronary artery disease (73%), femoral fracture (34%)	4 g x 2 time = 8 g/day (containing 31% leucine)	8 weeks	-	Quality of life, muscle function, diet profile ↑	[64]
	Healthy older women (68±2 years)	7.5 g x 2 times = 15 g/day (containing 18.6% leucine)	3 months	-	Lean body mass ↑	[65]
	Older adults with sarcopenia (66-84 years	8 g x 2 times =16 g/day (containing 31% leucine)	18 months	-	Le an body mass ↑	[66]
	Older adults (65-75 years)	7.5 g x 2 times =15 g/day (containing 20% or 40% leucine)	12 weeks	-	Functional performance, lean tissue mass ↑	[24]
Beta-hydroxybeta-methyl butyrate (HMB)	Bedridden or sedentary elderly	1.5-3 g	2-24 weeks	-	Muscle degradation ↓ Strength, function ↑	[34]
Creatine	Elderly women (59-90 year)	0.3 g/kg/day	7 days	-	Sit-to-stand, bench press and leg press, isometric knee extension and flexion, peak power, tandem gait ↑ fat free mass ↑	[43, 67]
	Elderly women (mean 65 years old)	0.08 g/kg/day	12 weeks	3 day/week	Fat free mass, muscle mass, bench press, knee extension, biceps curl ↑	[68]
	Elderly men and women (50-77 year)	0.1 g/kg/day	8 weeks-1 year	3 day/week	Leg press strength, lower body strength, muscle thickness, lean tissue mass, bench press, chest press, muscle density ↑	[44, 69]
Fish oil	Female, aged 65 years or older, sarcopenic according to the EWGSOP criteria	EPA 440 mg, DHA 220 mg	96 days	-	Muscle strength, performance ↑	[70]
	Elderly aged 71.2 years	Krill oil 4 g/day (772 mg EPA, 384 mg DHA)	6 months	-	Knee extensor maximal torque, grip strength, vastus lateralis muscle thickness ↑	[71]
	Female aged 60-76 years	5 g/day (2 g EPA, 1g DHA)	12 weeks	-	Lean mass, timed-upand-to test ↑	[72]
	Elderly aged 65 years	2 g/day (~0.4 g/d EPA, 0.3 g/d DHA)	90 days	Resistance exercise, 3 times/week for 12 weeks	Peak torque and rate of torque development, chair-rising performance ↑	[51]
Citrulline	Elderly aged 60-73 years	Citrulline-malate 3 g/day	6 weeks	-	Walking speed ↑	[45, 73]
	Malnourished older patients (80-92 years)	10 g	3 weeks	-	Amino acid availability, lean mass, appendicular skeletal muscle mass ↑ in women Fat mass ↓ in women	[46]
	Obese elderly (BMI 30-40 kg/m2, HIIT+CIT:67.2±5.0 years, HIIT+placebo: 68.1±4.1 years	10 g	12 weeks	High intensity interval training (HITT)	Adding citrulline to HIIT: muscle strength ↑ , fat mass ↓	[47]
Vitamin D	Pre-sarcopenic, deficient in vitamin D aged 73.31 years	10,000 IU of cholecalciferol	3 times a week for 6 months	-	Appendicular skeletal muscle mass ↑	[57]