Table 3.

Combination effect of protein and other supplements.

Supplement	Subject	Amount	Exercise	Duration	Results	Reference
Whey protein, leucine, vitamin D	Older adults (≥65 years) having sarcopenia	12.8 g protein (including 8.5 g of whey protein concentrate), 1.2 g leucine, 120 IU vitamin D, Meal protein intake is 1.2-1.5 g/kg/day, equally distribute their meal time	-	12 weeks	Gait speed ↑	[74]
Whey protein, leucine, vitamin D	Older adults (≥65 years)	Twice daily (21 g whey, 3 g leucine, 800 IU vitamin D each serving) or once daily before breakfast	-	6-13 weeks	Appendicular lean mass ↑	[60, 75, 76]
Whey protein, leucine, vitamin D	Older adults (≥65 years)	Once daily (22 g whey, 4 g leucine and 100 IU of vitamin D each serving)	physical activity (20 min exercise/day, 5 times/week)	12 weeks	Fat free mass ↑ Handgrip strength ↑	[77]
Leucine-enriched protein (Casein, whey, soy) vitamin D, calcium	Healthy adult (50-80 years)	Protein 20 g (casein 50 %+ whey 40 %+ soy 10 %, total leucine 3000 mg), vitamin D 800 IU (20 μg), calcium 300 mg: twice daily (Total protein intake intervention group: ~1.5 g/kg/day, control group: 1.05±0.35 g/kg/day)	-	12 weeks	Lean body mass/body weight ↑	[78]
Essential amino acid, vitamin D, medium-chain triglyceride	Elderly nursing home resident (age of 86.6 years)	Essential amino acid 3g (containing L-leucine 1.2 g) and vitamin D (20 μg or 800 IU)-enriched supplement with medium-chain triglyceride 6 g	-	3 months	Grip strength walking speed, open-and close test performance, peak expiratory flow ↑	[79]
Whey, casein protein, ursolic acid, free BCAA, vitamin D	Older adults (>65 years) with (or at risk of) undernutrition	Casein 11 g, whey 11 g, free BCAA 7 g, ursolic acid 206 mg, vitamin D3 10.8 μg	-	12 weeks	Lean body mass, walking performance, mitochondrial function ↑	[80]