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. 2023 Jan 24;11(3):e385–e413. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00007-4

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Development assistance for pandemic preparedness by source of funding (A) and disbursing entity (B), 1990–21

Other sources captures development assistance for health for which we have source information but which is not identified as originating within any of the sources listed. Other governments includes Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bhutan, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Croatia, Czechia, DR Congo, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, Gabon, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Malta, Monaco, Myanmar, New Zealand, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, South Sudan, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan (province of China), Thailand, Togo, Türkiye, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and Zimbabwe. Health assistance for which we have no source information is designated as Unidentified. Regional development banks include the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the Inter-American Development Bank. Other bilateral development agencies include Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, the European Commission, and the European Economic Area. CEPI=Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations. GBD=Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. HSS/SWAps=health system strengthening and sector-wide approaches. IBRD=International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. NGO=non-governmental organisation. PAHO=Pan American Health Organization. UNFPA=United Nations Population Fund. Spending reported in 2021 inflation-adjusted USD. *2021 disbursement estimates are preliminary.