Table 3.
Key findings of preclinical studies on the metabolism of Metrnl.
| Year | Ref. | Animal/Cell models | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose | |||
| 2014 | (15) | Normal | Promote white fat browning, increase thermogenic in adipose tissue, improve glucose tolerance |
| 2015 | (59) | HFD-induced obese | Antagonize insulin sensitivity at least via PPARγ pathway |
| 2018 | (58) | HFD-induced obese | Improve impaired insulin functions, rescue glucose intolerance, reduce weight gains |
| 2020 | (62) | Obese, diabetes | Improve glucose metabolism via calcium-dependent AMPKα2/GLUT4/HDAC5 |
| 2021 | (22) | Non-obese diabetes | Delay the onset of diabetes, improve islet function |
| 2021 | (78) | Diabetes | Ameliorate pancreas islet β-cell functions via WNT/β-catenin pathway. |
| Lipid | |||
| 2017 | (104) | Human adipocytes | Promote adipose tissue accumulation, inhibite adipocyte differentiation, decrease during adipogenesis |
| 2018 | (105) | HFD-induced obese | Decrease fat accumulation |
| 2020 | (20) | H9C2 cells | Decrease myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and endoplasmic stress via AMPK-PAK2 |
| 2020 | (106) | Knockout mice | Adipose Metrnl regulate blood TG, liver Metrnl regulate HDL-C |
| 2020 | (107) | Cardiac injury | Attenuate oxidative damage, apoptosis, and cardiac dysfunction via cAMP/PKA/SIRT1 pathway |
| 2021 | (95) | 3T3-L1 cells | A transient reduce during adipocyte differentiation, decreased by omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids |
| 2021 | (108) | Cardiac hypertrophy | Prevent cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and dysfunction, autocrine actions, a biomarker of heart failure |
| 2022 | (48) | Cardial infarction | Promote angiogenesis and infarct repair, a high-affinity ligand of KIT receptor |
| Bone and skeletal muscle | |||
| 2020 | (21) | Muscle injury | Promote muscle regeneration, regulate muscle satellite cells proliferation |
| 2022 | (109) | Bone fracture | Osteoinductive, promote bone fracture healing, strongest expression by osteoblasts |