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. 2022 Sep 15;36(2):463–474. doi: 10.1007/s40620-022-01454-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Gut permeability indices of the three study groups. A The 0–2 h-L/R ratio was significantly elevated in patients with glomerular diseases (i.e., GN group: Pool of IgAN and non-IgAN GN data) compared to healthy controls (adjusted for age, gender, eGFR and proteinuria). B Patients with non-IgAN GNs exhibited a higher 0–2 h-L/R ratio, pointing to significantly increased small intestinal permeability compared to healthy controls (multivariable analysis). Patients with IgAN had no significant increase in the 0–2 h-L/R ratio versus healthy controls. C The 2–5 h-S/E ratio did not significantly change between the pooled GN-group and healthy controls. D No significant changes of the 2–5 h-S/E ratio could be seen between healthy controls, IgAN and non- IgAN GN patients. E There was no significant difference of the 5–24 h-S/E ratio between the patients with glomerular diseases compared to healthy controls. F The 5–24 h-S/E ratio was not significantly changed between the three groups. 0–2 h-L/R ratio, 0–2-h lactulose/L-rhamnose ratio; 2–5 h-S/E ratio, 2–5-h sucralose/erythritol (2–5 h-S/E) ratio; 5–24 h-S/E ratio, 5–24-h sucralose/erythritol ratio