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. 2021 Oct 15;54(2-3):713–744. doi: 10.1007/s10686-021-09800-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Summary of Dawn’s observations of Ceres addressed in the text. (a) Geophysical data confirmed the abundance of water ice and the need for gas and salt hydrates to explain the observed topography and crustal density. (b) Various types of carbonates and ammonium chloride have been found in many sites across Ceres’ surface (e.g., salts exposed on the floor of Dantu crater). (c) Ernuter crater (∼52 km, above) and its area present carbon species in three forms (reduced in CxHy form, oxidized in the form of carbonates and intermediate as graphitic compounds). (d) Ceres shows extensive evidence for water ice in the form of ground ice and exposure via mass wasting and impacts (Left: Juling crater, ∼20 km). (e) Recent expressions of volcanism point to the combined role of radiogenic heating and low-eutectic brines in preserving melt and driving activity (Left: Ahuna Mons, ∼4.5 km tall). (f) Impacts could create local chemical energy gradients in transient melt reservoirs throughout Ceres’ history (Left: Cerealia Facula, ∼14 km diameter). (Figure reprinted from [16]; credit for individual images: NASA/JPL/Caltech/IAPS/MPS/DLR/INAF/ASI)