Table 1.

List of studies that investigate the use of HMDs for post-stroke neurorehabilitation

Authors	Display (HMD)	Input	Participants	Task	Avatar	Outcomes
(Perez-Marcos et al. 2012)	NVIS SX 111	Rehabilitation robot (GRAB)	–	Path following	Avatar from 1st-person perspective	Proof of concept
(Jung et al. 2012)	Mybud Accupix	–	21 stroke patients	Passive walk immersion	Not specified	Balance was higher when HMD used compared to standard treadmill training
(Lee et al. 2014)	i-visor fx601 HMD + camera for video see-through AR	No movement acquisition	21 stroke patients	Lower limbs movement reproduction (imitating a template)	Real body visible	The addition of AR-based postural training to standard therapy improved motor performance
(Gobron et al. 2015)	Oculus Rift DK 2	Rehabilitation robot (LHS)	33 health specialists	4 games for the lower limb (2 using HMDs)	No avatar in immersive games	HMDs rated as convincing
(Gamito et al. 2017)	eMagin Z800	Not specified	20 stroke patients	Several games for cognitive training	No avatar	The developed IVR tasks led to improvements in attention and memory function
(Christou et al. 2018)	HTC Vive	HTC Vive tracker on a stick	11 chronic stroke patients	Path following	Floating tool	HMD well-tolerated, without fatigue or nausea
(Elor et al. 2018)	HTV Vive	HTC Vive controllers	9 stroke patients	Reaching task in 3D space	No avatar	Feasibility study: The HMD system was rated positively
(Lee et al. 2020)	HTC Vive	HTC Vive controller	12 stroke patients	5 mini-games involving movements in 3D space	Floating forearms	No adverse effect, high satisfaction, and functional improvements. No control group
(Weber et al. 2019)	Oculus Rift	Oculus Rift controller	10 chronic stroke patients	Immersive mirror therapy	Avatar from 1st-person perspective	IVR well-tolerated, no adverse events, and trend for motor improvements. No control group
(Knobel et al. 2020)	HTC Vive	HTC Vive controller	15 stroke patients	3D visual search	Floating controller	High usability and acceptance