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. 2023 Mar 9;14:1305. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36981-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation of key altered metabolic pathways in individuals with ICP. P values were adjusted by Benjamini & Hochberg (BH) method to control FDR. FDR-adjusted P < 0.05 was shown. b Levels of small intestinal bile acids in B. fragilis transplanted mice or control group (n = 6 mice per group). P values were determined by two-tailed Student’s t-test. *P < 0.05. c Conjugated and unconjugated bile acids in B. fragilis transplanted mice or control group. n = 6 per group. P values were determined by two-sided Mann–Whitney test. d Hydrolysis efficiency of GDCA by B. fragilis with or without CAPE in vitro. P values were determined by Welch ANOVA with Games-Howell’s multiple comparisons test. n = 6 per group. e–i Mice were divided into three groups (control, B. fragilis and B. fragilis + CAPE). Analysis of serum levels of total bile acids (e), ALT (f), AST (g), ALP (h) and GGT (i) in each group. n = 6 per group. P values were determined by ordinary one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s correction. Fetal weight (j) and placenta weight (k) in each group (n = 6 in control group; n = 8 in B. fragilis group and B. fragilis + CAPE group). P values were determined by ordinary one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s correction. l Representative images of H&E staining of livers and placenta in each group. Scale bar = 100 μm for liver; scale bar = 50 μm for placenta. m Levels of small intestinal bile acids in indicated groups (n = 6 per group). P value was determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s correction. *P < 0.05. Data are presented as mean ± SEM for b–k, m. CAPE caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.