Table 2.
Summary of myopia metabolomics study results.
| References | Biofluid/Technique/Standard | Altered metabolites ↑ | ↓ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liu(2020) [16] | Serum | (8)Oleic acid, Pyruvic acid, Pipecolic acid, Petroselinic acid, Linoleic acid, Glycerol, Palmitic acid, Stearic acid | (6)Maleic acid, Beta-Alanine, Ribonolactone, D-Maltose, Hypoxanthine, L-2-Amino-3-(1-pyrazolyl)propanoic acid |
| GC-TOF-MS | |||
| OPLS-DA(VIP > 1.0), t-test(P < 0.05), and FC > 1.2 or <0.8 | |||
| Ke(2020) [14] | Serum | (12)Citric acid, Aminomalonic acid, Palmitoleic acid, Conduritol b epoxide, Shikimic acid, 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, Hesperitin, Anandamide, Oxalacetic acid, Pimelic acid, 2-Ketoadipate, N-Ethylmaleamic acid | (8)Alanine, Mannose, Itaconic acid, Aconitic acid, O-Acetylserine, Phthalic acid, Abietic acid, Salicin |
| GC-TOF-MS | |||
| PLS-DA(VIP > 1.0) and t-test(P < 0.05) | |||
| Du(2020) [13] | Serum | (12)DG(16:1(9Z)/16:1(9Z)/0:0), Sphingosine 1-phosphate, PC(24:0/P-18:1(11Z)), Allopregnanolone, DG(18:1(9Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)/0:0), Leukotriene D4, Ceramide (d18:1/18:0), Thiamine monophosphate, TG(16:0/16:0/18:0), DG(16:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/0:0), Deoxyuridine, Hydrocinnamic acid | (9)Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine, PC(18:2(9Z,12Z)/P-18:1(11Z)), Taurocyamine, Phosphoserine, DG(18:2(9Z,12Z)/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/0:0), SM(d18:0/22:0), Tyramine, all-trans-Retinoic acid, Docosapentaenoic acid (22n-3) |
| UHPLC-MS | |||
| U test(P < 0.001),FC > 1.5 or <0.5,quantified, Endogenous | |||
| Dai(2019) [15] | Serum | (7)seryltryptophan, DG (8:0/17:0/0:0), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (20:3/22:6), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) (22:4/0:0), 25-hydroxyvitamin D2-25-glucuronide, γ-glutamyltyrosine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine | (2)5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid, 12-Oxo-20-trihydroxy-leukotriene B4 |
| LC-QTOF/MS | |||
| PLS-DA(VIP > 1.5) and t-test(P < 0.05) | |||
| Ji(2017) [11] | AH | (27)glutamine 1, N-alpha-Acetyl-L-ornithine 3, Nicotinoylglycine 2, o-Hydroxyhippuric acid 2, oxalacetic acid, oxalic acid, ribose, cis-gondoic acid, Linoleic acid methyl ester, thymidine 3, phosphate, indole-3-acetamide 4, 2-aminophenol 2, 2-ketoadipate 2, 3-Phenyllactic acid, cis-Phytol, conduritol b epoxide 2, salicin, 3 analytes and 6 unknowns | (2)Analyte 420, Analyte 76 |
| GC/ TOF MS | |||
| PLS-DA(VIP ≥ 1) and t-test(p ≤ 0.05) | |||
| Barbas-Bernardos(2016) [10] | AH | (9)HM vs LM: L-Arginine, Citrulline, Butyryl-L-carnitine, Pantothenic Acid (VITAMIN B5), Sphinganine, Histidinyl-Phenylalanine, PC(O-32:2)//PC(P-32:1), C24 Sulfatide, LacCer(d40:0) | (13)Aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid, Aminooctanoic acid, Aminoundecanoic acid, Dodecanedioic acid, Trihydroxyphenyl-gamma-valerolactone, Didehydro-Retinoic acid, L-Cysteinylglycine disulfide, Dihydropteroic acid, Dimethylnonanoyl carnitine, PC (42:6), PC(P-42:2)//PC(O-42:3), Trihexosylceramide (d36:2), NeuAcaGalCer(d42:2) |
| CE-MS & LC-MS | |||
| OPLS-DA(VIP > 1) & RSD | |||
| Kearney(2017) [12] | Serum | (1)Melatonin(Phase 1&2) | (1)Dopamine(Phase 2) |
| LC-SPE-MS/MS | |||
| Logistic regression model | |||
| Yang(2017) [17] | Retina | 2-Ketoglutaric acid, glucose, mannose | urea, arabinose, tyrosine, glutamic acid, Treonine, valine, isoleucine, alanine, malic acid, Arachidic acid (20:0), Octadecenoic acid (18:1), Octadecanoic acid (18:0), Arachidonic acid (20:4), Hexadecanoic acid (16:0), Tetradecanoic acid (14:0), Octadecadienoic acid (18:2), Cholesterol, Ethanolamine, GABA |
| GC-TOF/MS | |||
| PLS-DA、OPLS(VIP > 1.0) | |||
| Najjar(2021) [18] | Vitreous & Retinas | dihydroxyphenylalanine, ornithine, methionine sulfoxide, total dimethylarginine, arginine, lysine,tryptophan,sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, symmetric dimethylarginine, glutamate, serotonin, taurine, trans-4-Hydroxyproline, tyrosine, proline, histidine, phenylalanine, alanine, threonine, valine and isoleucine, monosaccharides, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids | asparagine, glycerophospholipids, carnitine, Spermine, acylcarnitines |
| LC-MS | |||
| PLS-DA、OPLS-DA |
GC Gas chromatography, TOF Time of flight, UHPLC Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography, CE Capillary electrophoresis, SPE Solid phase extraction, MS Mass spectrometry;
OPLS-DA Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, PLS-DA Partial least squares discriminant analysis, FC Fold change, VIP Variable importance projection, RSD Relative standard deviation,
AH Aqueous humor.