FIGURE 4.

Whole-cell catalyst immobilization and optimization. (A) Architecture of the microfluidic systems (B) Calcium alginate fiber made by the microfluidic system. (C) Calcium alginate fiber containing fluorescent cells. This photo was taken with a fluorescent microscope. The cells were tracked by overexpressing EGFP. The red bar indicates 100 μm (D) Induction time and (E) IPTG concentration optimization for protein expression. (F) CaCl₂ concentration, (G) sodium alginate concentration, (H) cell dosage, and (I) immobilization time optimization for the immobilization process. (J) Substrate concentration, (K) reaction temperature, and (L) reaction time optimization for the D-allulose production process (M) Reusability analysis of the calcium alginate fiber in D-allulose production. The detailed performance conditions were described in the materials and methods section.