TABLE 1.

Some non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that regulate DNA damage in gastric cancer (GC) cells under the influence of radiotherapy.

NcRNA	Model study	Expression	Target gene/pathway	Type of ncRNA	Biological function	References
miR-21, miR-24 and miR-421	In silico and in vitro	Up	ATM/ATR/H2AX	Oncogene	Recognition and repair of DNA damage	Manoel-Caetano et al. (2019)
miR-192 and miR-215	In vivo and in vitro	Up	SET8 and p53	Oncogene	Promotes DNA damage repair and promotes progression of GC	Zhang et al. (2020)
miR-129-3p	In vitro	Down	SUMO-activating enzyme subunit 1 (SAE1)	Tumor suppressor	Induces more DNA damage and cell apoptosis, and inhibits GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion	Zhang et al. (2019)
lncRNA GAS5	Mathematical model	Down	ATM/p38 MAPK and miR-34c	Tumor suppressor	Stimulate of DNA damage and enhances the radiosensitivity of GC	Gupta et al. (2022)
lncRNA FOXD2-AS1	In vitro	Up	SETD1A	Oncogene	Promotes DNA damage repair and reduces the radiosensitivity of GC	Guo et al. (2022)
lncRNA MDC1-AS	In vivo and in vitro	Up	MDC1	Oncogene	Promotes DNA damage repair and significantly inhibits cell proliferation and metastasis	Qin et al. (2018)
Circular RNA AKT3	In vivo and in vitro	Up	PIK3R1	Oncogene	Promotes DNA damage repair and inhibits the apoptosis of GC cells	Huang et al. (2019)

Abbreviations: ATM, Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated; ATR, Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein; SAE1, SUMO-activating enzyme subunit one; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDC, Macrophage-derived/CCL22 chemokine; PIK3R1, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha; GAS5, Growth arrest-specific five; FOXD2-AS1, Forkhead box D2 adjacent apposite strand RNA, one; MDC1-AS, Mediator of DNA, damage checkpoint protein one; AKT3, AKT, serine/threonine kinase 3.