Table 3.
Adverse health effect of chemical herbicides in inflammatory bowel disease.
| Contaminant | References | Experiment model/human group | Exposure time/dose | Route of exposure | Source of dietary intake | Impact on the gut | Other health risks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyphosate | Tang et al. (73) | Eight-week-old male Sprague rats, weighing 180–220 g | 0, 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg of weight glyphosate, for 35 days | Oral gavage | Artificial feeding | °↓The relative of Lactobacillus in small intestine | ° Induce inflammatory responses ° Alter gut microbial composition |
| Suppa et al. (74) | Model species Daphnia | 1 mg/L glyphosate, corresponding to the MCL of drinking water | Water surroundings | Not mentioned | ° Induce DNA damage ° Alter the gut microbiota ° Interfere carbon and fat metabolism | ° Dysbiosis of gut and its chronic inflammation | |
| Ding et al. (75) | Six-month-old healthy adult male zebrafish (Danio rerio, AB-wild type) | 3.5 mg/L GLY concentration | Water surroundings | Not mentioned | ° Alter the gut microbiota °↑Fusobacteria ↓Proteobacteria °↓Claudin-5, ZO-1, occludin | ° Gut dysbiosis ° Destroy the intestinal mucosal barrier ° Enhanced intestinal permeability. | |
| 2,4-D | Tu et al. (76) | Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) 8-week-old C57BL/6 male mice | Low-dose 2,4-D exposure: 1 ppm 2,4-D water solution, 13 weeks | Feeding water solution daily | Artificial feeding | ° Influence the homeostasis of gut microbiome °↓ Plasma acylcarnitine. | ° Alter microbiome-related pathways ° Disturb gut-host homeostasis ° Increase risk of IBD |
| Combination of 2,4-D, dicamba and glyphosate | Mesnage et al. (77) | Wild-type mES cells (strain B4418) | The mixture of glyphosate, Dicamba and 2,4-D in water. | Water surroundings | / | ° DNA damage ° Oxidative stress ° Unfolded protein response | ° Carcinogenic effects |
| Propyzamide | Sanmarcro et al. (78) | Zebrafish (7 d.p.f.) | Immersed in TNBS-containing E3 ° Medium for 72 h. | Liquid surroundings | / | ° Upregulate NF-κB-driven C/EBPβ proinflammatory gene expression ° Inhibit AHR signaling ° Boost intestinal inflammation | ° Increase the risk of IBD and other gut diseases |
“↑” means increased level or concentration; “↓” means decreased level or concentration.