Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants according to BMI and VF levels.
| Total (n=300) | Normal weight-normal VF (n = 99) | Normal weight-high VF (n = 31) | Overweight/obese-normal VF (n = 49) | Overweight/obese-high VF (n = 121) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 51.25 ± 11.96 | 53.04 ± 11.59 | 57.32 ± 10.30 | 51.86 ± 10.84 | 47.99 ± 12.26 **†† | < 0.001 |
| Male/female (%) | 221/79 (73.67/26.33) | 61/38 (61.62/38.38) | 22/9 (70.97/29.03) | 35/14 (71.43/28.57) | 103/18 (85.12/14.88)* | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.71 (22.68, 26.68) | 22.27 (21.11, 23.23) | 22.84 (21.30, 23.77) | 25.15 (24.70, 26.17) ***††† | 27.30 (25.62, 29.10) ***†††‡‡ | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 6.58 (1.00, 12.00) | 8.00 (2.00, 14.00) | 8.00 (2.00, 17.00) | 8.00 (1.50, 14.50) | 3.00 (0.67, 10.00) ** | 0.003 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 126.07 ± 17.20 | 120.81 ± 17.00 | 126.55 ± 19.54 | 124.59 ± 16.26 | 130.84 ± 15.93*** | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.00 (72.25, 85.00) | 75.00 (69.00, 80.00) | 78.00 (71.00, 85.00) | 77.00 (71.50, 84.00) | 83.00 (76.00, 89.50) ***‡ | < 0.001 |
| Hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1.31 (0.60, 3.13) | 1.06 (0.40, 2.94) | 1.30 (0.68, 2.76) | 0.86 (0.29, 2.24) | 1.91 (0.92, 3.73) **††‡‡‡ | < 0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.52 (1.04, 2.33) | 1.23 (0.92, 2.00) | 1.48 (0.92, 2.38) | 1.51 (0.97, 2.17) | 1.85 (1.27, 2.68) *** | < 0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.41 (3.73, 5.09) | 4.46 (3.52, 5.05) | 4.26 (3.27, 4.90) | 4.34 (3.77, 5.15) | 4.42 (3.87, 5.11) | NS |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.80 ± 0.98 | 2.86 ± 1.02 | 2.55 ± 0.88 | 2.81 ± 1.02 | 2.80 ± 0.94 | NS |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.26) | 1.09 (0.95, 1.36) | 1.12 (0.91, 1.37) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.30) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.17) ** | 0.006 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.00 (7.30, 11.08) | 9.50 (7.50, 11.20) | 8.60 (7.20, 10.80) | 8.70 (6.60, 11.25) | 9.00 (7.70, 10.85) | NS |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 7.31 (5.91, 9.38) | 7.09 (5.87, 9.27) | 7.27 (5.43, 8.30) | 6.59 (5.24, 8.06) | 8.12 (6.36, 9.97) ‡ | 0.010 |
| PG2h (mmol/L) | 15.01 ± 4.73 | 15.24 ± 5.03 | 14.60 ± 4.62 | 14.40 ± 4.74 | 15.18 ± 4.52 | NS |
| FCP (ng/mL) | 2.01 (1.26, 2.78) | 1.47 (1.02, 2.17) | 2.08 (1.59, 2.52) | 1.80 (1.10, 2.59) | 2.54 (1.60, 3.31) ***‡‡ | < 0.001 |
| CP2h (ng/mL) | 4.87 (3.07, 7.21) | 3.83 (2.46, 5.69) | 4.58 (3.33, 7.92) | 4.57 (3.33, 7.57) | 6.15 (4.04, 8.27) *** | < 0.001 |
| FINS (μU/mL) | 6.88 (4.05, 11.08) | 5.09 (3.22, 6.79) | 6.85 (4.30, 9.81) | 6.99 (3.62, 11.09) | 10.21 (6.19, 14.89) ***†‡‡ | < 0.001 |
| INS2h (μU/mL) | 27.98 (14.83, 48.59) | 21.81 (11.10, 34.44) | 20.65 (14.02, 46.26) | 28.55 (16.14, 51.11) | 35.67 (21.78, 62.48) *** | < 0.001 |
| VFA (cm/2) | 100.00 (77.00, 127.00) | 73.00 (52.00, 82.00) | 119.00 (110.00, 130.00) *** | 87.00 (71.50, 94.00) ††† | 129.00 (114.50, 153.50) ***†††‡‡‡ | < 0.001 |
| SFA (cm/2) | 171.00 (138.25, 211.00) | 133.00 (110.00, 153.00) | 151.00 (130.00, 170.00) | 174.00 (156.00, 193.50) *** | 219.00 (186.50, 267.00) ***†††‡‡‡ | < 0.001 |
| V/S ratio | 0.58 ± 0.18 | 0.50 ± 0.15 | 0.82 ± 0.16*** | 0.48 ± 0.10††† | 0.61 ± 0.15***†††‡‡‡ | < 0.001 |
| FPIS | 4.44 (2.22, 8.64) | 3.22 (1.24, 5.23) | 4.29 (2.52, 9.45) | 4.05 (2.42, 6.68) | 5.48 (3.05, 14.27) *** | < 0.001 |
| SPIS | 0.40 (0.19, 0.77) | 0.32 (0.16, 0.63) | 0.43 (0.19, 0.90) | 0.42 (0.22, 1.00) | 0.47 (0.24, 0.79) * | 0.023 |
| HOMA2-β (%) | 57.05 (32.95, 97.35) | 54.10 (29.30, 81.90) | 57.60 (38.90, 129.90) | 71.50 (33.15, 107.45) | 58.90 (37.95, 98.05) | NS |
| HOMA2-IR (%) | 1.67 (1.10, 2.30) | 1.27 (0.88, 1.75) | 1.78 (1.37, 2.10) | 1.55 (0.90, 2.08) | 2.13 (1.45, 2.83) ***‡‡ | < 0.001 |
| Gutt-ISI | 45.78 (36.28, 59.52) | 51.92 (41.37, 65.29) | 48.43 (40.15, 65.50) | 47.93 (35.08, 71.04) | 39.77 (33.33, 51.59) ***†‡ | < 0.001 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD for normally distributed data and median (25th, 75th percentile) for non-normally distributed data, or n (%). p values for comparison between different groups were tested by χ² test for categorical data, one-way ANOVA for normally distributed values and Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric values. BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FCP, fasting C-peptide; FINS, fasting insulin; VFA, visceral fat area; SFA, subcutaneous fat area; FPIS, first phase insulin secretion; SPIS, second phase insulin secretion; IR, insulin resistance; ISI, insulin sensitivity index. NS, no significance.
*p <0.05, ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001, vs Normal weight-normal VF group;
†p <0.05, †† p <0.01, ††† p <0.001, vs Normal weight-high VF group;
‡p <0.05, ‡‡ p <0.01, ‡‡‡ p<0.001 vs Overweight/obese-normal VF group.