Table 1.

Description of extrinsic emotion regulation processes included in the Regulation of Others’ Emotions Scales (ROES; MacCann et al., 2019)

Process	Description	Focus	Emotional Engagement
Expressive suppression	The regulator encourages the target to avoid verbally or physically expressing their emotions.	Disengagement	Low
Downward comparison	The regulator compares the target’s situation to someone in a worse situation.	Disengagement	Low
Humor	The regulator tries to increase positive affect by making the target laugh (e.g., telling a joke or sharing a funny story).	Diversion	Moderate
Distraction	The regulator attempts to reduce negative affect by refocusing the target’s attention away from the emotional event.	Diversion	Moderate
Direct action	The regulator directly changes the target’s situation to reduce negative affect	Change	Moderate
Positive reappraisal	This occurs when the regulator encourages the target to shift the way they think about a situation in order to increase positive affect.	Change	High
Receptive listening	The regulator encourages the target to express their emotions to help reduce negative affect.	Relationship	High
Valuing	The regulator expresses how much the target is valued and special to increase positive affect.	Relationship	High

Note: ER = extrinsic emotion regulation