Table 6.

Vaccination effects on individual educational attainment

	All	Male	Female
	(1)	(2)	(3)
At least complete primary school
$\mathrm{Risk}\times \mathrm{post}1988$	− 0.0001	0.0025*	− 0.0025
	(0.0009)	(0.0015)	(0.0018)
Mean dependent variable	0.959	0.972	0.943
Observations	5708	3203	2505
At least complete middle school
$\mathrm{Risk}\times \mathrm{post}1988$	0.0015	0.0042**	− 0.0006
	(0.0021)	(0.0019)	(0.0050)
Mean dependent variable	0.872	0.884	0.858
Observations	5708	3203	2505
At least complete high school
$\mathrm{Risk}\times \mathrm{post}1988$	− 0.0027	− 0.0034	− 0.0043
	(0.0037)	(0.0044)	(0.0048)
Mean dependent variable	0.507	0.500	0.515
Observations	5708	3203	2505

This table estimates the vaccination campaign’s impacts on individual educational attainment. All specifications shown include birth cohort indicators interacted with regional averages of the outcome variable and pretreatment provincial measures, individual and family characteristics, province, birth cohort, and survey month fixed effects. In this table, we further control for an individual’s number of siblings so as to alleviate the confounding effect of quality-quantity tradeoff and parental educational attainment, which are perceived as a kind of social-economic background affecting children’s attitudes toward the importance of education. Because we have included the mean-reversion term, the estimations do not control for the interaction between the provincial shares of people with at least middle-school education and birth cohort dummies. Results on demographic and provincial characteristics are not reported. Standard errors are in parentheses and clustered at the place-of-birth level. p < 0.1; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01