Table 7.

Vaccination effects on the incidence of father’s regular alcohol use

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
$\mathrm{Risk}\times \mathrm{post}1988$	0.0024	0.0021	0.0047	0.0048	0.0010	0.0010
	(0.0029)	(0.0028)	(0.0035)	(0.0034)	(0.0029)	(0.0029)
$\mathrm{Risk}\times \mathrm{post}1988\times 1({\mathrm{edu}}_{\mathrm{f}}\ge \mathrm{highschool})$			− 0.0109*	− 0.0128**
			(0.0061)	(0.0055)
$\mathrm{Risk}\times \mathrm{post}1988\times 1({\mathrm{edu}}_{\mathrm{m}}\ge \mathrm{highschool})$					− 0.0170***	− 0.0165***
					(0.0054)	(0.0055)
Effect on the higher-educated			− 0.0062	− 0.0080*	− 0.0160***	− 0.0155***
Mean dependent variable	0.315	0.318	0.315	0.318	0.312	0.314
Observations	6519	6084	6519	6084	5448	5106
Children characteristics	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes

This table estimates the vaccination campaign impacts on the incidence of father’s regular alcohol use based on Eq. (1). We control for children’s characteristics including gender, education level indicators, marital status indicators, and current hukou type in columns 2, 4, and 6. Other covariates are defined the same as in Eq. 1. In columns 3 and 4, we interact the treatment variable with the indicator for whether father’s education level is at least high school. In the last two columns, we interact the treatment variable with the indicator for whether mother’s education level is at least high school. All specifications shown include birth cohort indicators interacted with regional averages of the outcome variable and pretreatment provincial measures, individual and family characteristics, province, birth cohort, and survey month fixed effects. Results on demographic and provincial characteristics are not reported. Standard errors are in parentheses and clustered at the place-of-birth level. p < 0.1; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01