Table 4.
Factors associated with annual use (yes/no; OR [95% CI]) of opioids and annual volume (% difference [P value] if use > 0) of opioids in years with ≥1 filled prescription for PwH compared with that for controls in Sweden during 2007-2017. Predictions for PwH and controls, respectively, compared with a reference person as described in the table footnote. Longitudinal regression analyses in the model with interaction terms between the covariate PwH and all other covariates.
| Moderate-high factor consumption | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regression covariates | PwH: n = 419; person-years = 2960 Control: n = 2072; person-years = 14,565 |
|||
| OR (95% CI) |
% Difference in volume (P value) if use > 0 |
|||
| PwH | Control | PwH | Control | |
| PwH group | 3.10 (2.11-4.54) | NA | 50.3 (0.08) | NA |
| Age group (y) | ||||
| 30-44 | 8.09 (5.26-12.5) | 2.26 (1.62-3.16) | 134 (<.001) | 8.9 (.61) |
| 45-59 | 20.0 (13.3-29.9) | 3.74 (2.73-5.13) | 147 (<.001) | 44.9 (.03) |
| ≥60 | 14.8 (8.40-26.2) | 5.58 (4.04-7.72) | 151 (.002) | 33.6 (.14) |
| Inhibitors, current or previousa | 2.77 (1.67-4.58) | NA | −104 (.007) | NA |
| Joint complicationb | 7.93 (4.58-13.7) | 5.89 (1.69-20.6) | 27.6 (.51) | 118 (.43) |
| Antidepressants | 7.01 (3.58-13.7) | 1.08 (0.66-1.77) | 230 (<.001) | 45.4 (.15) |
| Neuroleptics | 7.32 (4.27-12.5) | 2.73 (1.98-3.77) | 83.3 (.05) | 89.1 (<.001) |
| Antiepileptics | 3.77 (1.68-8.48) | 4.25 (2.48-7.27) | 66.5 (.30) | 93.4 (.04) |
| Low factor consumption | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regression covariates | PwH: n = 1016; person-years = 8869 Control: n = 4968; person-years = 42,649 |
|||
| OR (95% CI) |
% Difference in volume (P value) if use > 0 |
|||
| PwH | Control | PwH | Control | |
| PwH group | 2.70 (2.08-3.52) | NA | 63.5 (.001) | NA |
| Age group (y) | ||||
| 30-44 | 5.41 (4.15-7.06) | 2.14 (1.76-2.62) | 44.9 (.04) | 20.2 (.15) |
| 45-59 | 7.44 (5.61-9.87) | 3.67 (3.01-4.46) | 107 (<.001) | 81.3 (<.001) |
| ≥60 | 9.24 (7.15-12.0) | 5.23 (4.36-6.27) | 62.4 (.001) | 67.8 (<.001) |
| Inhibitors, current or previousa | 3.37 (2.13-5.33) | NA | 19.0 (.46) | NA |
| Joint complicationb | 6.41 (3.71-11.1) | 5.27 (3.52-7.89) | 84.9 (.02) | −9.5 (.69) |
| Antidepressants | 4.37 (2.84-6.72) | 1.59 (1.30-1.94) | 103 (<.001) | 55.8 (<.001) |
| Neuroleptics | 7.39 (5.28-10.4) | 2.36 (1.97-2.84) | 104 (<.001) | 48.5 (<.001) |
| Antiepileptics | 5.49 (3.15-9.56) | 2.36 (1.78-3.14) | 142 (<.001) | 41.9 (.07) |
| Women including carriers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regression covariates | PwH: n = 389; person-years = 3977 Control: n = 1920; person-years = 19,438 |
|||
| OR (95% CI) |
% Difference in volume (P value) if use > 0 |
|||
| PwH | Control | PwH | Control | |
| PwH group | 2.80 (1.95-4.02) | NA | 61.1 (.013) | NA |
| Age group (y) | ||||
| 30-44 | 5.68 (4.00-8.07) | 2.05 (1.59-2.63) | 111 (<.001) | 51.1 (.02) |
| 45-59 | 9.36 (6.46-13.5) | 3.59 (2.78-4.65) | 124 (<.001) | 78.5 (<.001) |
| ≥60 | 8.73 (5.92-12.9) | 5.15 (3.98-6.67) | 72.9 (.004) | 86.9 (<.001) |
| Inhibitors, current or previousa | 1.22 (0.58-2.56) | NA | 64.7 (.06) | NA |
| Joint complicationb | 4.98 (2.81-8.82) | 3.46 (1.91-6.26) | 93.6 (.02) | 38.5 (.37) |
| Antidepressants | 4.64 (2.91-7.41) | 1.79 (1.46-2.20) | 109 (.001) | 47.4 (.007) |
| Neuroleptics | 5.79 (3.78-8.88) | 2.31 (1.90-2.79) | 111 (<.001) | 76.2 (<.001) |
| Antiepileptics | 9.4 (4.89-18.1) | 2.32 (1.68-3.20) | 175 (<.001) | 88.5 (<.001) |
Note: The reference person for the comparison of regression estimates is a control aged <30 years who does not use antidepressant or antianxiety prescription drugs and has no joint complications (and no inhibitors by definition).
OR, odds ratio; NA, not available/applicable; PwH, people with hemophilia.
Use of bypassing agent or a FVIII or FIX dosage of ≥350 IU/kg/week in the current or any previous year.
Orthopaedic joint surgery and/or registration of the health care contact with hemarthrosis (M25.0, M36.2). Registration of the surgery indicator in current or past years.