. 2023 Feb 19;5(2):otad010. doi: 10.1093/crocol/otad010

Table 3.

Hazard ratios from a Cox proportional hazards model for risk of invasive fungal infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease including immunomodulators.

	Hazard ratio	95% lower	95% upper	P
Anti-TNF monotherapy^a	2.486	1.691	3.653	<.0001
Corticosteroids only^a	5.655	4.764	6.714	<.0001
Immunomodulator monotherapy^a^,^b	1.099	0.749	1.614	.6294
Anti-TNF + immunomodulator^a^,^b	1.648	0.733	3.704	.2268
Immunomodulator + corticosteroids	6.012	4.550	7.943	<.0001
Anti-TNF + corticosteroids^a^,^b	8.100	5.679	11.551	<.0001
Anti-TNF + immunomodulator + corticosteroids^a^,^b	6.628	3.790	11.591	<.0001
TPN	16.467	11.483	23.614	<.0001
Female	0.871	0.751	1.010	.668
Diabetes mellitus	1.529	1.127	2.074	.0063
Complicated Crohn’s^c	1.136	0.820	1.572	.4438
UC disease location
Ulcerative proctitis	Ref
Ulcerative left-sided	1.107	0.604	2.030	.7414
Pancolitis	1.260	0.822	1.931	.2890
IBD surgery/admit/ED^d	1.539	1.304	1.817	<.0001
Anemia	2.088	1.627	2.680	<.0001
Opioids	1.330	1.127	1.589	.0008
Leukemia	10.124	5.549	18.474	<.0001
Lymphoma	5.694	3.238	10.014	<.0001
Age
<18	1.171	0.751	1.824	.4866
18–24	Ref
25–29	1.120	0.718	1.746	.6182
30–34	1.275	0.846	1.921	.2449
35–39	1.216	0.810	1.826	.3449
40–44	1.431	0.972	2.107	.0697
45–49	1.660	1.145	2.406	.0075
50–54	1.541	1.065	2.228	.0217
55–59	1.677	1.160	2.426	.0060
60–64	1.771	1.193	2.631	.0046

Abbreviations: Anti-TNF, anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; TPN, total parenteral nutrition; UC, ulcerative colitis.

^aTime-dependent variables.

^bImmunomodulator includes azathioprine or methotrexate.

^cIncludes Crohn’s-related fistula or stricture. See Supplementary Table S1 for list of codes used.

^dIncludes IBD-related surgery, all-cause emergency department (ED) visits, and all-cause hospitalizations in the baseline period. See Supplementary Table S1 for list of codes used.