Flocculation
behavior of poly(4-vinylpyridine)-modified CNCs at
pH 10 immediately after pH adjustment, after 1 h and 24 h. Concentrations
are as follows: (a) 0.250, (b) 0.150, (c) 0.050, (d) 0.025, (e) 0.013,
(f) 0.006, and (g) 0.004 wt %. Reproduced with permission from ref (236). Copyright 2012 American
Chemical Society. (b) Cryo-TEM images (insets) of temperature response
behavior (below and above 20 °C) of CNCs modified with elastin-like
polypeptides. Reproduced with permission from ref (237). Copyright 2018 American
Chemical Society. (c) Scanning electron micrographs (inset) of nanocellulose
aerogel before and after grafting of poly(methacrylic acid-co-maleic acid). Reproduced with permission from ref (238). Copyright 2015 Elsevier
Ltd. (d) SEM images of the top views of an electrospun PAN nanofiber
scaffold (a) and the scaffold with thiol-modified CNF (0.03 wt %).
The effect of pH on adsorption of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) by unmodified
electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane, unmodified CNF membrane,
and PAN membrane with thiol-functionalized CNF. Reproduced with permission
from ref (239). Copyright
2015 Elsevier Ltd. (e) Chemical routes for the grafting of triazole
molecule on reducing end of CNCs to generate thiol-modified CNCs.
Reproduced with permission from ref (240). Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society.