Figure 10.
Influence of recycling rates for a few metals that are particularly critical for realizing sustainable energy supply and transport solutions in terms of the respective depletion horizons based on reserves for four different recycling scenarios according to Moreau et al.66 The term “metal wheel recycling” means that both the carrier or base elements of a metallic alloy are recovered but also the minor elements (doping or alloying elements), which often involves the use of staggered recycling approaches and different techniques of extractive metallurgy. The figure has been reproduced with permission from ref (66) under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license. Copyright 2019, MDPI.