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. 2023 Feb 27;123(5):2436–2608. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00799

Figure 77.

Figure 77

Challenges associated with metal-containing mineral mining and valorisation of mine waste and by-products. Important future opportunities for research lie in the re-mining of dumped waste, low-quality ores, and mineral-processing residues as well as in the pertinent usage of tailings.