| Higher fraction
of cooling
scrap in converters |
| Carbon-free inert electrodes
for electric arc furnaces |
| Removal of critical and
difficult-to-remove elements that are introduced from mixed vehicle
scrap and negatively change the steel quality, particularly causing
liquid metal embrittlement (e.g., copper, lead, tin) |
| Introduction of new sorting
methods to ensure that medium-manganese steel scraps are separated
from iron-carbon steel scrap |
| Development of more efficient
electric furnace technologies and/or alternative electrical melting
techniques for scrap |
| Part-to-part closed-loop
recycling pathways, to guide the flow of valuable alloying elements |
| Removal of elements
that
affect phase transformation and hardening such as nickel, chromium
and molybdenum from scrap used for carbon steels |
| Plasma-based removal of
tramp elements such as copper, lead and tin |
| Build-up of closed loop
sorting for manganese-containing steels as feedstock platform for
the sustainable production of medium-manganese high-performance steels |
| Steel alloy design
for higher
impurity tolerance; development of copper-containing steels (e.g.,
weathering steels, silicon transformer steels, manganese-containing
stainless steels and Invar alloys etc.) |
