| Co-injection of low- or
zero-fossil gaseous fuel/reductant such as methane, hydrogen or ammonia |
| Co-feeding of
renewable
biomass reductants |
| Co-feeding of other hydrogen
vectors |
| Co-charging of steel scrap |
| Co-charging of fully or
partially direct reduced iron sponge |
| Co-charging of pellets together
with lump ore, fine ore, or sinter |
| Reuse and recycling of furnace
gas emissions |
| Oxygen enrichment |
| Flue gas recycling |
| Gasification of injectant
feedstock, fuels, and reductants for better mixing, higher efficiency
and faster kinetics |
| Mechanism and effectiveness
of hydrogen injection; competition between hydrogen-based reduction
and CO-based reduction; hydrogen loss due to oxidation prior to reduction
reaction |
