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. 2023 Feb 1;123(5):1925–2015. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00611

Figure 27.

Figure 27

Application of rheology and mechanical measurements in probing nanocellulose–water interactions. (a,b) The influence of shear on the dewatering of high consistency CNF furnishes: (a) Development of the η during the measurement of 5% consistencies CNF-furnish without cellulose fibers, subjected to the rotation rate of 200 s–1 during controlled shear rate cycle. (b) Solid content increase Δφ, for different dewatering schemes versus shear rates in controlled shear rate intervals 0, 40, and 200 s–1 and the flow index (K) for all furnished.307 (a,b) Adapted with permission from ref (307). Copyright 2013 Springer Nature. (c,d) Effect of water on mechanical properties of TOCNF/PVA films measured by DMA: (c) Storage moduli and (d) equilibrium water contents of pure TOCNF films and TOCNF–PVA films containing PVA at different RH levels.759 (c,d) Adapted with permission from ref (759). Copyright 2015 Elsevier. (e–g) Using DMA to investigate dynamic mechanical properties of stimuli responsive CNC–polymer nanocomposites inspired by sea cucumber dermis. (e) Natural model and bioinspired design of chemomechanical nanocomposites. Pictures of a sea cucumber in relaxed (left) and stiffened (right) state demonstrating the firming of dermal tissue in the vicinity of the contacted area.687 (f) Schematic representation of the architecture and switching mechanism in the artificial nanocomposites with dynamic mechanical properties. In the “on” state, strong hydrogen bonds between rigid, percolating CNCs maximize stress transfer and therewith the overall modulus of the nanocomposite. The interactions are switched “off” by the introduction of a chemical regulator that allows for competitive hydrogen bonding.687 (g) Time-dependent modulus decrease of neat poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and a 12.2% v/v PVAc/CNC nanocomposite upon immersion into artificial cerebrospinal fluid and increasing the temperature from 23 to 37 °C.687 (e–g) Adapted with permission from ref (687). Copyright 2008 The American Association for the Advancement of Science.