Table 1.
Baseline characteristics after IPT weighting among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
| SGLT2i versus DPP4i | SDb | SGLT2i versus GLP-1RA | SDb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SGLT2i | DPP4i | SGLT2i | GLP-1RA | |||
| (n = 2503) | (n = 2503)a | (n = 3214) | (n = 3214)a | |||
| Sociodemographics | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 73.3 (10.1) | 73.8 (11.1) | 3.3 | 69.9 (10.9) | 69.9 (10.6) | 0.0 |
| Male | 1326 (54.8) | 1438 (57.2) | 4.9 | 1973 (61.1) | 1955 (61.0) | 0.2 |
| Race, White | 1754 (72.5) | 1795 (71.4) | 2.3 | 2372 (73.5) | 2350 (73.3) | 0.3 |
| Race, Black | 357 (14.8) | 385 (15.3) | 1.6 | 454 (14.1) | 448 (14.0) | 0.2 |
| Other Race | 309 (12.8) | 332 (13.2) | 1.4 | 402 (12.5) | 407 (12.7) | 0.7 |
| Calendar year (2013, 2014, 2015) | 831 (34.3) | 895 (35.6) | 2.8 | 601 (18.6) | 575 (17.9) | 1.7 |
| Calendar year (2016, 2017) | 753 (31.1) | 775 (30.9) | 0.6 | 961 (29.8) | 960 (30.0) | 0.4 |
| Calendar year (2018, 2019) | 837 (34.6) | 842 (33.5) | 2.2 | 1666 (51.6) | 1670 (52.1) | 1.0 |
| Diabetes-related factors | ||||||
| Metformin | 1240 (51.2) | 1247 (49.6) | 3.1 | 1586 (49.1) | 1582 (49.4) | 0.5 |
| Sulfonylureas | 1034 (42.7) | 1026 (40.8) | 3.9 | 1273 (39.4) | 1265 (39.5) | 0.1 |
| DPP4i | 962 (29.8) | 946 (29.5) | 0.6 | |||
| GLP-1RA | 119 (4.9) | 122 (4.9) | 0.1 | |||
| Insulin | 850 (35.1) | 833 (33.2) | 4.2 | 1698 (52.6) | 1685 (52.6) | 0.1 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 105 (4.3) | 110 (4.4) | 0.1 | 145 (4.5) | 146 (4.5) | 0.2 |
| Diabetes, ocular complications | 343 (14.2) | 377 (15.0) | 2.4 | 624 (19.3) | 630 (19.7) | 0.8 |
| Diabetes, renal complications | 905 (37.4) | 950 (37.8) | 0.8 | 1326 (41.1) | 1336 (41.7) | 1.2 |
| Diabetes, neurological complications | 925 (38.2) | 928 (36.9) | 2.6 | 1444 (44.7) | 1430 (44.6) | 0.2 |
| Other factors | ||||||
| Frailty status | 612 (25.3) | 554 (22.1) | 7.6 | 446 (13.8) | 435 (13.6) | 0.7 |
| Myocardial infarction | 177 (7.3) | 214 (8.5) | 4.4 | 189 (5.9) | 181 (5.6) | 0.9 |
| Stroke | 46 (1.9) | 44 (1.8) | 1.1 | 38 (1.2) | 38 (1.2) | 0.1 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 832 (34.4) | 833 (33.2) | 2.6 | 951 (29.5) | 938 (29.3) | 0.5 |
| Other ischemic heart disease | 2008 (83.0) | 2100 (83.6) | 1.5 | 2633 (81.6) | 2615 (81.6) | 0.0 |
| Renal insufficiency | 1454 (60.1) | 1519 (60.5) | 0.8 | 1713 (53.1) | 1711 (53.4) | 0.6 |
| ACE inhibitors | 1226 (50.6) | 1272 (50.6) | 0.1 | 1572 (48.7) | 1553 (48.5) | 0.5 |
| ARBs | 674 (27.8) | 693 (27.6) | 0.6 | 936 (29.0) | 926 (28.9) | 0.2 |
| Beta blockers | 2163 (89.4) | 2245 (89.3) | 0.1 | 2887 (89.5) | 2868 (89.5) | 0.1 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 528 (21.8) | 606 (24.1) | 5.4 | 676 (21.0) | 675 (21.1) | 0.3 |
| Non-dihydropyridine CCB | 226 (9.3) | 224 (8.9) | 1.5 | 238 (7.4) | 236 (7.4) | 0.1 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 538 (22.2) | 516 (20.5) | 4.1 | 633 (19.6) | 636 (19.8) | 0.6 |
| Loop diuretics | 2041 (84.3) | 2118 (84.3) | 0.1 | 2687 (83.3) | 2663 (83.1) | 0.4 |
| Aldosterone antagonists | 745 (30.8) | 799 (31.8) | 2.2 | 1128 (34.9) | 1119 (34.9) | 0.1 |
| Digoxin | 486 (20.1) | 497 (19.8) | 0.7 | 559 (17.3) | 557 (17.4) | 0.2 |
| Hydralazine/isosorbide | 698 (28.8) | 692 (27.5) | 2.9 | 829 (25.7) | 835 (26.1) | 0.9 |
| Other HF medicationsc | 141 (5.8) | 139 (5.5) | 1.2 | 320 (9.9) | 318 (9.9) | 0.0 |
| Statins | 1919 (79.3) | 2020 (80.4) | 2.7 | 2711 (84.0) | 2698 (84.2) | 0.5 |
| Anticoagulants | 1018 (42.1) | 1069 (42.6) | 1.0 | 1361 (42.2) | 1346 (42.0) | 0.3 |
| Antiplatelets | 833 (34.4) | 824 (32.8) | 3.4 | 1113 (34.5) | 1112 (34.7) | 0.4 |
SGLT2i: sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor; DPP4i: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor; SD: standardized difference; IPT: Inverse probability of treatment; ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB: Angiotensin II receptor blockers; CCB: calcium channel blocker; StD: Standard Deviation; HF: Heart Failure; GLP-1RA: glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist
aFor ease of interpretation, the denominator of the DPP4i and GLP-1RA arms are weighted down to the SGLT2i group
bStandardized differences greater than 10% imply a meaningful difference in the patient characteristic. After IPTW weighting, there were no differences that exceeded this threshold
cInclude angiotensin receptor-neprilysin Inhibitors and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel blockers